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Integrative analysis of metabolome and transcriptome reveals new insights into formation and regulation of major components of G. leucocontextum and G. lucidum

ABSTRACT:

Ganoderma is a class of medicinal fungi with diverse medicinal effects, of which triterpenoids are one of the main pharmacologically active substances. In this study, sporocarps of two Ganoderma species (G. leucocontextum, a newly discovered species, and G. lucidum, a traditional medicinal species) at five different developmental stages were used as test materials for joint transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Metabolomic analysis via Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) identified a total of 514 differential metabolites (screened by VIP 1 and P < 0.05). Among these, triterpenoids were the primary class of differentially abundant metabolites between the two species: G. leucocontextum consistently contained higher levels of ganoleucoin during development, while G. lucidum maintained higher levels of ganoderic acid. Transcriptomic analysis yielded 227.61 Gb of clean data (Q30 base percentage > 93%), with 228,593 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified across the five developmental stages. Most genes in the triterpenoid synthesis pathway (including several Ganoderma-specific CYP450 family genes) were more highly expressed in G. lucidum. RT-qPCR validation of 6 key DEGs confirmed that their expression trends were consistent with transcriptomic data. Additionally, 6 putative transcription factors (belonging to HSF and GNAT families) potentially involved in Ganoderma triterpene metabolism were identified. Our findings provide datasets on dynamic gene expression and differential metabolites during the development of the two Ganoderma species, laying a foundation for subsequent in-depth research.

INSTRUMENT(S): Liquid Chromatography MS - positive - hilic, Liquid Chromatography MS - negative - hilic

PROVIDER: MTBLS13871 | MetaboLights | 2026-02-08

REPOSITORIES: MetaboLights

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			Action	DRS
	a_MTBLS13871_LC-MS_negative_hilic_metabolite_profiling.txt	Txt
	a_MTBLS13871_LC-MS_positive_hilic_metabolite_profiling.txt	Txt
	i_Investigation.txt	Txt
	m_MTBLS13871_LC-MS_negative_hilic_metabolite_profiling_v2_maf.tsv	Tabular
	m_MTBLS13871_LC-MS_positive_hilic_metabolite_profiling_v2_maf.tsv	Tabular

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Project description:Background: In the life history of Daphnia, the reproductive mode of parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction alternate in aquatic ecosystem, which are often affected by environmental and genetic factor. Although several functional genes on reproductive transition of Daphnia had been determined, molecular mechanism on the reproductive mode of Daphnia are still not known well, including differentially expressed genes in different developmental stages. Results: In this study, four developmental stages, juvenile female (JF), parthenogenetic female (PF), sexual female (SF) and male (M), of D. similoides sinensis were performed for transcriptome sequence, and candidate genes related to male sex determination were screened. A total of 110437 transcripts were obtained and assembled into 22996 unigenes. In the four developmental stages (JF, PF, SF and M), the number of unique unigenes is respectively 2863, 445, 437 and 586, and the number of common unigenes is 9708. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between male and other three female stages (M vs JF, M vs PF and M vs SF) were obtained. The GO gene enrichment analysis showed that the up-regulated genes in male were mainly enriched in hydrolase activity and peptidase activity. Thirty-six candidate genes related to male sex determination in male were significantly higher expression than those in the other three stages, including one Doublesex (Dsx) gene, one laminin gene, five trypsin genes and one serine protease genes, and one chitin synthase gene and two chitinase genes. In addition, in D. similoides sinensis male, the relative expression levels of two genes (Dsx1, antp) related to male sex determination observed in other Daphnia species were also significantly higher than those in other developmental stages. Conclusions: Our results showed that thirty-six candidate genes may involve in sex differetiation of D. similoides sinensis male, and it will provide a reference for further exploring the functional genes related to sex determination mechanism in Daphnia species. Moreover, according to previous investigations, we thought that the expression level of functional genes may be related to the development stage of organisms, and may be also affected by different Daphnia species.

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Integrative analysis of metabolome and transcriptome reveals new insights into formation and regulation of major components of G. leucocontextum and G. lucidum

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