Project description:Aposematism and warning coloration are common defense strategies used by animals to deter predators. Pestilential gregarious locusts display a striking black-brown pattern, which is presumed to be a form of warning coloration compared to green solitary locusts. However, the specific mechanisms involved in regulating this distinctive pattern are not yet understood. Here, we found that different amounts of β-carotene and β-carotene-binding protein (βCBP) complexes confer the black tergum and brown sternum of locust. The expression level of βCBP is regulated by the bZIP transcription factor ATF2, which is activated by protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) in response to crowding. Specifically, ATF2 is phosphorylated at Ser327 and translocates to the nucleus, where it binds to specific sites on the βCBP promoter and stimulates overexpression. Differential phosphorylation of ATF2 resulted in the divergent black and brown body coloration of gregarious locusts. The overexpression of βCBP in the sternum is essential for the accumulation of red pigments, which creates the sharp contrast between the black tergum and the brown sternum. This spatial variation in ATF2 phosphorylation levels allows locusts to adapt to changing environmental conditions and better evade predation.
Project description:Cotton is the main source of natural fiber in the textile industry, making it one of the most economically important fiber crops in the world. Verticillium wilt, caused by the pathogenic fungus Verticillium dahlia, is one of the most damaging biotic factors limiting cotton production. Mechanistic details of cotton defense responses to verticillium wilt remain unclear. In this study, GFP-labeled strain of V. dahlia was used to track colonization in cotton roots, and clear conidial germination could be observed at 48 hours post-inoculation (hpi), marking this as a crucial time point during infection. Transcriptome analysis identified 1,523 and 8,270 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 24 hpi and 48 hpi, respectively. Metabolomic screening found 78 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) at 48 hpi. Conjoint analysis indicated that the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway was activated in cotton infected with V. dahliae. The five metabolites in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, including caffeic acid, coniferyl alcohol, coniferin, scopoletin and scopolin, could significantly inhibit V. dahlia growth in vitro, implicating their roles in cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt. The findings expand our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogen defense response against V. dahlia infection in upland cotton, which may lead to future insights into controlling Verticillium wilt disease.