Dataset Information

Spatially differential regulation of ATF2 phosphorylation contributes to warning coloration of gregarious locusts

ABSTRACT: Aposematism and warning coloration are common defense strategies used by animals to deter predators. Pestilential gregarious locusts display a striking black-brown pattern, which is presumed to be a form of warning coloration compared to green solitary locusts. However, the specific mechanisms involved in regulating this distinctive pattern are not yet understood. Here, we found that different amounts of β-carotene and β-carotene-binding protein (βCBP) complexes confer the black tergum and brown sternum of locust. The expression level of βCBP is regulated by the bZIP transcription factor ATF2, which is activated by protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) in response to crowding. Specifically, ATF2 is phosphorylated at Ser327 and translocates to the nucleus, where it binds to specific sites on the βCBP promoter and stimulates overexpression. Differential phosphorylation of ATF2 resulted in the divergent black and brown body coloration of gregarious locusts. The overexpression of βCBP in the sternum is essential for the accumulation of red pigments, which creates the sharp contrast between the black tergum and the brown sternum. This spatial variation in ATF2 phosphorylation levels allows locusts to adapt to changing environmental conditions and better evade predation.

INSTRUMENT(S): Q Exactive HF, Q Exactive

ORGANISM(S): Locusta Migratoria Manilensis

TISSUE(S): Skin

SUBMITTER: Xinle Kang

LAB HEAD: Xinle Kang

PROVIDER: PXD042860 | Pride | 2023-08-24

REPOSITORIES: Pride

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Project description:Plumage color plays a prominent role in reproductive isolation and thus understanding the genetic basis of pigmentation patterns can provide critical insight into speciation. Subspecies of the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis) show marked differences in melanic plumage coloration known to have evolved rapidly since the Last Glacial Maximum just 18,000 years ago. To understand this rapid radiation we studied the pigment composition and the genetic basis of coloration in two divergent subspecies, the slate-colored and Oregon juncos. We used HPLC and light microscopy to investigate pigment deposition patterns in feathers from four body areas. RNA-seq data generated under common garden experimental conditions were then used to compare the relative roles of differential gene expression in growing feathers and sequence divergence in loci expressed during feather development. Junco feathers were found to differ in eumelanin and pheomelanin content and distribution, producing a range of black, gray and brown colors. Transcriptomic data revealed marked regulatory differences among subspecies and among body-parts within subspecies in known melanin-pathway genes (including PMEL, TYR, TYRP1, OCA2, MLANA), but also in several novel or poorly known loci (EDAR, VPS33B, HPS1). Within subspecies, lighter feathers expressed less melanin synthesis genes, more ASIP, and showed differential expression of Wnt signaling genes. Feathers from different body regions also showed differential expression of Hox genes. The two subspecies differed in expression of ASIP and three other genes (MFSD12, KCNJ13, HAND2) previously associated with color development. Sequence variation in the expressed genes was not related to color differences between junco subspecies. Our findings suggest that differential expression of a few genes can account for marked differences in plumage color and pattern, a mechanism that can account for the rapid diversification of juncos. Several novel candidate pigmentation genes found in juncos may contribute to the expression of melanic coloration in other vertebrates.

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Spatially differential regulation of ATF2 phosphorylation contributes to warning coloration of gregarious locusts

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