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Phosphite Inhibits Phytophthora cinnamomi by Downregulating Oxidoreductases and Disrupting Energy Metabolism

ABSTRACT: Phytophthora root rot caused by the hemibiotrophic oomycete, Phytophthora cinnamomi is a major biotic hindrance in meeting the ever-increasing demand for avocados. In addition, the pathogen is a global menace to agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Phosphite trunk injections/foliar sprays remains the most effectual chemical management strategy followed in commercial avocado orchards to control the pathogen. Phosphite is known to counter the pathogen both directly and indirectly through fortification of host defense. However, phosphite’s direct mode of action is still not understood completely. This study identified a P. cinnamomi isolate GKB4 sensitive to phosphite (EC50 of 27.9 μg/mL) and investigated the phosphite’s direct impact on this isolate through label-free quantitative SWATH-MS. Proteomics data analysis of untreated vs phosphite-treated samples revealed that the xenobiotic affects the pathogen’s growth by targeting the oxidoreductases whose abundance is significantly reduced. Further, perturbations in the energy metabolism and membrane/transmembrane proteins and transporters, and oxidative stress contribute to growth inhibition. The current study also identified increased putrescine biosynthesis, a polyamine, that when present at non-optimal concentrations could be cytostatic/cytotoxic. The differential expression of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and the intermediates/precursors involved in their biosynthesis is an interesting finding that needs further investigation to ascertain their role in phosphite induced stress. The pathogen’s counteraction in the form of upregulation of alternate bioenergetics pathways (amino acid catabolism and -oxidation of fatty acids), mitochondrial translation and translocation machinery, peroxisomal proteins, and antioxidants are apparently ineffective in arresting the phosphite’s growth-inhibitory effects. This research furthers our limited understanding of the direct in vitro effects of phosphite on P. cinnamomi and has identified potential candidates for molecular functional investigation.

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ORGANISM(S): Phytophthora Cinnamomi

SUBMITTER: S. Ashok Prabhu

LAB HEAD: Noëlani van den Berg

PROVIDER: PXD063718 | Pride | 2025-08-01

REPOSITORIES: Pride

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Project description:Peg3 (paternally expressed gene 3) is an imprinted gene encoding a DNA-binding protein. This gene plays important roles in controlling fetal growth rates and nurturing behaviors. In the current study, a new mutant mouse model has been generated to further characterize the functions of this DNA-binding protein. Besides known phenotypes, this new mutant model also revealed potential roles of Peg3 in mammalian reproduction. Female heterozygotes produce a much smaller number of mature oocytes than the wild-type littermates, resulting in reduced litter sizes. According to genome-wide expression analyses, several placenta-specific gene families are de-repressed in the brain of Peg3 heterozygous embryos, including prolactin, cathepsin and carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule (Ceacam) families. The observed de-repression is more pronounced in females than in males. The de-repression of several members of these gene families is observed even in the adult brain, suggesting potential defects in epigenetic setting of the placenta-specific gene families in the Peg3 mutants. Overall, these results indicate that Peg3 likely controls the transcription of several placenta-specific gene families, and further suggest that this predicted transcriptional control by Peg3 might be mediated through unknown epigenetic mechanisms. Mouse Breeding Two different types of heterozygotes were prepared for breeding experiment: male and female heterozygotes carrying the paternally (+/-p) and maternally (-m/+) transmitted targeted allele. These 4 heterozygotes were bred with their littermates: for Breeding 1, female wild-type littermates x male heterozygotes (+/-P); Breeding 2, female heterozygotes (+/-P) x male wild-type littermates; Breeding 3, female wild-type littermates x male heterozygotes (-m/+); for Breeding 4, female heterozygotes (-m/+) x male wild-type littermates. Genome-wide expression analysis A litter of 14.5-dpc fetuses were harvested from a timed mating between a male heterozygote (-m/+) and wild-type female littermate. Three tissues were obtained from each fetus: embryo head, placenta and amnionic sac. Total 16 samples were used for this series of genome-wide expression analyses: 8 embryo heads and placenta representing two biological replicates of each of the four following combinations: male wild-type, male heterozygote, female wild-type, and female heterozygote.

			Action	DRS
	20230719_152329_Ashok_P_Cinnamomi_V2.sne	Other
	Ashok_BC1.wiff	Wiff
	Ashok_BC1.wiff.scan	Wiff
	Ashok_BC2.wiff	Wiff
	Ashok_BC2.wiff.scan	Wiff

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Phosphite Inhibits Phytophthora cinnamomi by Downregulating Oxidoreductases and Disrupting Energy Metabolism

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