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TLR9-Driven S-Palmitoylation in Dendritic Cells Reveals Immune and Metabolic Protein Targets

ABSTRACT: Dendritic cells (DCs) rely on Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) to detect unmethylated CpG motifs in microbial DNA, triggering essential immune responses. While the downstream signaling pathways of TLR9 activation are well characterized, their impact on S-palmitoylation is unknown. S-palmitoylation, involving the reversible attachment of palmitic acid to cysteine residues, plays a crucial role in regulating protein function and is catalyzed by the ZDHHC family of palmitoyl-acyltransferases (PATs). In this study, we investigated the S-palmitoylated proteome of bone marrow-derived GM-CSF DCs (GM-DCs) at resting and following TLR9 activation with CpGB. Using the click-chemistry compatible analog 17-octadecynoic acid (17-ODYA) and mass spectrometry-(MS)-based proteomics, we characterized dynamic remodeling of S-palmitoylation in response to TLR9 activation. This included enrichment of targets involved in immune and metabolic pathways. Transcriptomic analysis of mice and human DCs revealed TLR9-driven modulation of ZDHHC genes. Subsequently, we explored the contribution of ZDHHC9 to the regulation of S-palmitoylation in DCs. We found that Zdhhc9 deficiency affects the S-palmitoylation of specific proteins, revealing potential ZDHHC9 substrates. Interestingly, modulation of Zdhhc9 expression alone did not influence DC maturation, suggesting that other PATs might compensate for its activity. Together, our findings reveal a novel layer of regulation in TLR9 signaling mediated by S-palmitoylation.

INSTRUMENT(S):

ORGANISM(S): Mus Musculus (mouse)

TISSUE(S): Bone Marrow

SUBMITTER: JUAN NAHUEL QUIROZ

LAB HEAD: Luciana Berod

PROVIDER: PXD066223 | Pride | 2025-08-25

REPOSITORIES: Pride

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TLR9-Driven S-Palmitoylation in Dendritic Cells Reveals Immune and Metabolic Protein Targets.

Quiroz Juan N JN Sielaff Malte M Kondrateva Daria D Boukhallouk Fatima F Godoy Gloria J GJ Molina Cecilia R CR Moonen Brecht B Motran Claudia C CC Bogie Jeroen J Luján Hugo D HD Tenzer Stefan S Sparwasser Tim T Berod Luciana L

European journal of immunology 20250801 8

Dendritic cells (DCs) rely on Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) to detect unmethylated CpG motifs in microbial DNA, triggering essential immune responses. While the downstream signaling pathways of TLR9 activation are well characterized, their impact on S-palmitoylation is unknown. S-palmitoylation, involving the reversible attachment of palmitic acid to cysteine residues, plays a crucial role in regulating protein function and is catalyzed by the ZDHHC family of palmitoyl-acyltransferases (PATs). In ...[more]

PMID: 40828036

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