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Post-translational regulation of human D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase in Alzheimer’s disease

ABSTRACT: Emerging evidence suggests that sex-specific differences in L-serine (L-Ser) metabolism play a key role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). While disruptions in amino acid balance are well known, recent findings point to a dimorphic regulation of the serine biosynthetic pathway. To explore this, we examined post-translational modifications (PTMs) of D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) —the rate-limiting enzyme for de novo L-Ser synthesis— as a potential mechanism underlying this difference. PHGDH was immunoprecipitated from hippocampal tissue of healthy and AD-affected males and females and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Five phosphorylation sites (S55, T60, T78, S383, S473) were shared across all groups, but a unique deacetylation at K289 appeared exclusively in AD males. Functional assays using recombinant PHGDH variants revealed that changes at solvent-exposed sites (K289, S383, S473) reduced solubility, while phosphomimetic substitutions at S55 and T78 within the catalytic cleft strongly impaired activity. Notably, mimicking acetylation at K289 improved protein stability. Overall, these PTMs act as subtle modulators rather than on/off switches, fine-tuning PHGDH function and potentially contributing to sex-dependent metabolic vulnerability in AD.

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ORGANISM(S): Homo Sapiens (human)

TISSUE(S): Brain

SUBMITTER: Simona Nonnis

LAB HEAD: elisa maffioli

PROVIDER: PXD072965 | Pride | 2026-02-23

REPOSITORIES: Pride

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Project description:D-3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (Phgdh; EC 1.1.1.95) is a necessary enzyme for de novo L-serine biosynthesis via the phosphorylated pathway. We demonstrated previously that Phgdh is expressed exclusively by neuroepithelium and radial glia in developing mouse brain and later mainly by astrocytes. Mutations in the human PHGDH gene cause serine deficiency disorders (SDD) associated with severe neurological symptoms such as congenital microcephaly, psychomotor retardation, and intractable seizures. We recently demonstrated that genetically engineered mice, in which the gene for Phgdh has been disrupted, have significantly decreased levels of serine and glycine, and exhibit malformation of brain such as microcephaly. The Phgdh null (KO) embryos exhibit lethal phenotype after gestational day 14, indicating that the phosphorylated pathway is essential for embryogenesis, especially for brain development. It is worth noting that the Phgdh knockout (KO) embryos primarily displayed microcephaly, which is the most conspicuous phenotype of patients with SDD. Thus, Phgdh KO mice are a useful animal model for studying the effect of diminished L-serine levels on development of the central nervous system and other organs. To better understand the mechanism underlying the molecular pathogenesis of SDD, we sought to examine whether gene expression is altered in the Phgdh KO mouse model. We identify genes that have altered expression in the head of the Phgdh KO embryos using the GeneChip array. Some of the genes identified by this method belong in functional categories that are relevant to the biochemical and morphological aberrations of the Phgdh deletion. Experiment Overall Design: Total RNA samples were prepared from head tissues from 2 embryos of Phgdh knockout and littermate wild-type controls. Experiment Overall Design: RNA of 4 biological replicates was hybridized to Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430 2.0 arrays. Five microgram total RNA was labelled according to the ENZO-protocol, fragmented and hybridized according to Affymetrix's protocols.

			Action	DRS
	AF3_EL_8uL_PRM.raw	Raw
	AF3_PRM_beads.raw	Raw
	AM3_EL_8uL_PRM.raw	Raw
	AM3_PRM_beads.raw	Raw
	CF3_PRM_Beads.raw	Raw

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Post-translational regulation of human D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase in Alzheimer’s disease

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