Project description:Protein analysis of Bronze Age Cauldron residues. Found blood from ruminant caprines, and milk proteins from bovids, including yak (Bos mutus).
Project description:The bronze mou as an important bronze artifact was commonly used in Ba-Shu region (now in Chongqing and Sichuan Province) during Spring and Autumn Period and Han Dynasty. Despite of extensive archaeological study of the bronze mou, scientific analysis of bronze mou was less, and no organic residue analysis has been undertaken on the bronze mou. In this study, four bronze mous dated to Han dynasty (206BC-220AD) with organic residues unearthed in three archaeological sites in Wushan, Chongqing were selected to be tested by portable X-ray fluorescent spectrometer (P-XRF) , and then be analyzed by Liquid chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The alloy compositions results show that all the samples are copper-tin-lead ternary alloy. The proteomic analysis results confirmed that the bronze mou had been used as cooking utensils or containers. At the Tuchengpo Cemetery, soybeans were contained both in bronze mou M32:27 and bronze mou M38:39. There was no useful protein discovered in the bronze mou from the Shennvmiao Cemetery. Proteins of ginkgo and chicken were found in M16:12 at the Gaotangguan Cemetery. It indicates the residents in Wushan, Chongqing had a diversity of food sources around 2000 years ago. Furthermore, this study demonstrates proteomic analysis is highly effective in studying archaeological organic residues.
Project description:The archaeological site of Březnice (Czechia) represents one of the large settlements of the Late Bronze Age (Ha A2/B1, 14C: 1124-976 BC) in Bohemia. The site became known mainly for a high number of so-called 'trenches', oblong pit features (breadth around 1 m, length 4-7 m), remarkable not only for their specific shape but also for their contents (unusual amounts of pottery, daub, loom weights and other finds, often with traces of a strong fire). In 2018-20, a research project focusing on the study of the site was realized. Magnetometer survey became an integral part of the project since it represented a way to obtain an overall image of the site. A 5-channel fluxgate gradiometer from Sensys (Germany) was used; the vertical gradient of the Z component of the Earth magnetic field was measured. In total, the survey covered an area of over 17 hectares and included over 1.8 million measurements. Profiles were orientated from east to west and data taken bidirectionally (alternate lines in opposite directions), in a 0.5 × 0.2 m grid. The site is extraordinary due to the fact that all archaeological features discovered so far belong to a single archaeological period (Late Bronze Age). This makes the acquired data set exceptional. It can be further used by archaeologists and geophysicists, both to create alternative models of the dynamics of prehistoric settlements and to better understand the nature and interpretive possibilities of the magnetometer data in archaeology as such.
Project description:Volcanic rocks were among the most sought-after materials to produce grinding tools in antiquity because lavas lithologies, either mafic or felsic, ensured good wear resistance and grinding capacity with respect to many other kinds of rocks. The interest in findings made of vesciculated lavas, referable to parts of querns, mortars, and/or pestles of the Final Bronze Age site of Monte Croce Guardia (Arcevia) lies in the fact that this settlement was built upon limestones belonging to the sedimentary sequence of the Marche-Umbria Apennines (central Italy) and far away from potential raw materials of volcanic rocks. A petrologic study of 23 grinding tool fragments clearly indicates a provenance from the volcanic provinces of central Italy: Latium and Tuscany Regions. Few leucite tephrites (5) and one leucite phonolite lavas have a clear magmatic affinity with the high-K series of the Roman Volcanic Province (Latium) whereas the most abundant volcanic lithotype (17 samples) is represented by shoshonites (K-series) whose thin section texture, modal mineralogy and major-trace elements contents closely match with the shoshonite lavas from the Radicofani volcanic centre in the Tuscan Magmatic Province. At Radicofani (a volcanic neck in the eastern sector of Tuscany) a Final Bronze Age site coeval to that of Arcevia is present and a potential pathway corridor from that site towards Arcevia (air-line distance of ca. 115 km) is dotted with many settlements of the same age. Through analytical algorithms based on the slope and the different human-dependent cost-functions which can be applied to determine non-isotropic accumulated cost surface, least-cost paths and least-cost corridors, the best route from Radicofani to Monte Croce Guardia, approximately 140 km long, was simulated, with a walking time of 25-30 h, possibly using pack animals and wheel chariots. Three thousand years ago the Apennine Mountains did not thus constitute a barrier for human movements. This study also shed light on some other possible patterns of interactions between Final Bronze Age communities of central Italy through the present-day regions of Tuscany, Umbria and Marche, aimed towards the best performance of strategic economic activities at that time such as that of the transformation of cereals, and accompanied to cultural and social reasons.
Project description:In 2017, an excavation led by the Groningen Institute of Archaeology and in collaboration with the Tor Vergata University of Rome, took place on two small islands in the Caprolace lagoon (Sabaudia, Italy), where Middle Bronze Age layers had previously been reported. Combining the results of an environmental reconstruction of the surroundings and a detailed study of the pottery assemblages, we were able to trace a specialised area on the southern island, in all probability devoted to salt production by means of the briquetage technique. The latter basically consists of boiling a brine through which a salt cake is obtained. The technique was widespread all over Europe, from Neolithic to Roman Times. Since the evidence points to an elite-driven workshop, this result has deep implications for the development of the Bronze Age socio-economic framework of Central Italy. Pottery evidence also suggests that in the Bronze Age sites along the Tyrrhenian coast of Central Italy where briquetage has already been hypothesised, more complex processes may have taken place. On the northern island, we collected a large number of so-called pedestals, which are characteristic features of briquetage, while chemical analyses point to salt or fish sauce production, like the roman liquamen, in a Middle Bronze Age domestic context.