Project description:Camel milk is considered one of the most valuable food sources for nomadic people in arid and semi-arid areas and has also been consumed as a natural adjuvant for managing a variety of human diseases for centuries due to its nutritional values and extraordinary medicinal properties. A total of 180 milk samples were collected from Bikaneri and Jaisalmeri camels during various seasons in the Jodhpur and Sikar districts of Rajasthan for the proteomics study. Protein profiling of camel milk was done by LC-MS/MS. The protein pellets were prepared from 50 mL of pooled raw milk. The trypsinization and clean-up protocol was performed using standard methods. Then, Mass spectrometric analysis of peptide mixtures was performed using the EASY-nLC 1200 system coupled to a Thermo Fisher-Q Exactive equipped with a nanoelectrospray ion source. All samples were processed and analyzed with Proteome Discoverer (v2.4) against the Uniprot camel reference proteome database. A total of 704 protein groups were identified in the milk of Bikaneri and Jaisalmeri camels on the Uniprot Camelus dromedarius Database. There were 21 (3%) and 17 (2.4%) unique protein groups with 666 (94.6%) common proteins in the milk of Bikaneri and Jaisalmeri, respectively. In addition, 687 (97%) and 683 (98%) specific proteins were found in Bikaneri and Jaisalmeri camel milk, respectively. The camel casein components (CNs) were found as αs1-CN, αs2-CN, β- CN and κ-CN. Whey protein such as β-lactoglobulin was not found in the camel milk but α- lactalbumin was abundant. Breed variation was less observed because only 18 significantly expressed proteins were obtained in the milk of the Bikaneri and Jaisalmeri camel breeds.
Project description:Demand for camel milk (CM) is increasing worldwide, due to its high nutritious value and health benefits. In this study, whole CM powders were produced by spray drying (SD) at six inlet temperatures (190°C - 250°C) and by freeze drying (FD). Physicochemical and functional properties of CM powder proteins were investigated. Both treatments had negative effect on casein solubility, while whey proteins remained soluble and slightly increased its solubility with the extent of MR. The CM powders obtained at higher inlet temperatures demonstrated improved antioxidant activity. Secondary structure of whey proteins did not differ among the samples, while surface hydrophobicity of whey proteins was higher in all SD than in FD samples, suggesting only limited denaturation of camel whey proteins at higher inlet temperatures of drying. Thus, the effects of SD under the conditions applied in our study did not decrease camel whey protein solubility, while drying procedure itself regardless of temperature decreased solubility of camel milk caseins. This study provides useful insights for optimization of CM powder production.
Project description:In this project, spray drying and low temperature vacuum drying were used to produce camel milk powder, and the effects of two technologies on the abundance and biological function of bioactive proteins in camel milk were compared. The results showed that low temperature vacuum drying retained more active proteins, which was related to immune response-related functions and directly affected the nutritional value of camel milk powder.
Project description:We report the application of miRNA next generation sequencing (NGS) for the analysis of impact of processing on miRNA in human breast milk, donated by 3 volunteers. MiRNA content of total and exosomal fraction was compared between unprocessed milk and sample subjected to either Holder (thermal) pasteurization (HoP) or elevated pressure processing (HPP). NGS reads were mapped to miRBase in order to obtain miRNA counts. Then, we analyzed differences in the miRNA abundance and function between raw and processed material. It was observed that both processing methods reduce number of miRNA reads and HoP is significantly more detrimental to miRNA than HPP.
Project description:We have reported that microRNAs are present in human, bovine, and rat milk whey. Milk whey miRNAs were resistant to acidic condition and to RNase. Thus, milk miRNAs were thought to be present packaged into membrane vesicles like exosome. However, body fluid miRNAs have been reported that there are in different forms. To clarify which miRNAs species are exist in exosome and which species are exist in another form, we used bovine raw milk and purified total RNA from exosome fraction and ultracentrifugated supernatant fraction, and analyzed by miRNA microarray.