Project description:This GEO submission accompanies the RNA-seq data of human-chimp and human-gorilla hybrid cells in the study “The Gene Regulatory Evolution of the Human Skeleton”. Changes in gene regulation are key drivers of human evolution. However, which regulatory changes shaped human adaptations, and especially how, remains largely unknown. Skeletal alterations have been particularly central in human evolution, facilitating upright locomotion and large brains, and influencing child- birth and our distinctive faces. Here, we generated human-chimp and human-gorilla hybrid osteochondral progenitor cells to study the cis-regulatory expression changes that distinguish humans from other great apes. We identified 4152 chimpanzee-specific, and 4463 human-specific cis-regulatory expression changes.

2026-04-28 | GSE316892 | GEO

The Gene Regulatory Evolution of the Human Skeleton (Massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA))

Project description:This GEO submission accompanies the massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) data in the study “The Gene Regulatory Evolution of the Human Skeleton”. Changes in gene regulation are key drivers of human evolution. However, which regulatory changes shaped human adaptations, and especially how, remains largely unknown. Skeletal alterations have been particularly central in human evolution, facilitating upright locomotion and large brains, and influencing child- birth and our distinctive faces. Here, we employed MPRAs in key skeletal cells - chondrocytes - to uncover the functional role of the 574,290 enhancer and promoter substitutions that distinguish humans from their ape relatives. Using this atlas, we identified 15,077 sequences whose activity has diverged since our split from chimpanzees.

2026-04-28 | GSE316891 | GEO

The Gene Regulatory Evolution of the Human Skeleton (human-chimp and human-gorilla hybrid cells)

Project description:The Gene Regulatory Evolution of the Human Skeleton (human-chimp and human-gorilla hybrid cells)

| PRJNA1405491 | ENA

Ectomesenchymal Six1 controls mandibular skeleton formation [RNA-seq]

Project description:Ectomesenchymal Six1 controls mandibular skeleton formation [RNA-seq]

| PRJNA895345 | ENA

The Gene Regulatory Evolution of the Human Skeleton (Massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA))

Project description:The Gene Regulatory Evolution of the Human Skeleton (Massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA))

| PRJNA1405493 | ENA