Project description:The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanism of aerobic decay of whole-plant corn silage and the effect of Neolamarckia cadamba essential oil on aerobic stability of whole-plant corn silage. Firstly, the dynamic changes of temperature, microbial community and metabolite content after aerobic exposure of whole-plant corn silage were determined, and the main microbial species and mechanism leading to aerobic spoilage of whole-plant corn silage were analyzed. The N. cadamba essential oil was extracted from fresh N. cadamba leaves by steam distillation, and the minimal inhibitory concentration, antibacterial stability and bacteriostatic mechanism of N. cadamba essential oil against undesirable microorganisms in whole-plant corn silage were determined. According to the minimum inhibitory concentration of N. cadamba essential oil on undesirable microorganisms in silage, N. cadamba essential oil was added to whole-plant corn silage to explore the effect of N. cadamba essential oil on the aerobic stability of whole-plant corn silage.
Project description:The epigenetic regulation on gene transcription affected by Electronic-cigarette (E-cig) to human gingival mesenchymal (GMSC) is not fully understood. Here, we collected GMSCs from systemically healthy patients due to the premolars and extracted for orthodontic reasons, and treated with E-cig smoke with original flavor (G2), E-cig smoke with menthol flavor (G3), E-cig liquid with original flavor (G4), and E-cig liquid with menthol flavor (G5) by the optimal conditions of LC50, and conducted H3K27me3 ChIP-seq to compare with untreated control (G0).
Project description:The structure and function of the microbiome inhabiting the rumen are, amongst other factors, mainly shaped by the animal’s feed intake. Describing the influence of different diets on the inherent community arrangement and associated metabolic activities of the most active ruminal fractions (bacteria and archaea) is of great interest for animal nutrition, biotechnology and climatology. Samples were obtained from three fistulated Jersey cows rotationally fed with corn silage, grass silage or hay, each supplemented with a concentrate mixture. Samples were fractionated into ruminal fluid, squeezed solid and solid matter. DNA, proteins and metabolites were analyzed subsequently. DNA extracts were used for Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and the metabolomes of rumen fluids were determined by 500MHz-NMR spectroscopy. Tryptic peptides derived from protein extracts were measured by LC-ESI-MS/MS and spectra were processed by a two-step database search for quantitative metaproteome characterization. Protein- and DNA-based datasets revealed significant differences between sample fractions and diets and affirmed similar trends concerning shifts in phylogenetic composition. Ribosomal genes and proteins belonging to the phylum of Proteobacteria, particularly Succinivibrionaceae, exhibited a higher abundance in corn silage-based samples while fiber-degraders of the Lachnospiraceae family emerged in great quantities throughout the solid phase fractions. The analysis of 8163 quantified bacterial proteins revealed the presence of 166 carbohydrate active enzymes in varying abundance. Cellulosome affiliated proteins were less expressed in the grass silage, glycoside hydrolases appeared in slightest numbers in the corn silage. Most expressed glycoside hydrolases belonged to families 57 and 2. Enzymes analogous to ABC transporters for amino acids and monosaccharides were more abundant in the corn silage whereas oligosaccharide transporters showed a higher abundance in the fiber-rich diets. Proteins involved in carbon metabolism were detected in high numbers and identification of metabolites like short-chain fatty acids, methylamines and phenylpropionate by NMR enabled linkage between producers and products. This study forms a solid basis to retrieve deeper insight into the complex network of gut microbial adaptation.
Project description:The change of transcriptome and related biological functions affected by tobacco smoke and Electronic-cigarette (E-cig) to human gingival mesenchymal (GMSC) and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are not fully understood. Here, we collected GMSCs and PDLSCs from systemically healthy patients due to the premolars and extracted for orthodontic reasons, and treated with tobacco smoke (G1, P1), E-cig smoke with original flavor (G2, P2), E-cig smoke with menthol flavor (G3, P3), E-cig liquid with original flavor (G4, P4), and E-cig liquid with menthol flavor (G5, P5) by the optimal conditions of LC50, and conducted RNA-seq to compare with untreated control (G0, P0).
Project description:The objective of this project is identifying differentially expressed (DE) genes which are associated with higher omega-3 fatty acids deposition in beef cows. Omega-3 fatty acids have been found to influence meat flavor and are beneficial to human health. Supplementation of livestock diets with flaxseed, a rich source of ë±-linolenic acid, is the most common means of producing omega-3 fatty acid-enriched animal products. Towards the goal of enhancing beef fatty acid composition, 64 crossbred cull cows (~30 months of age) with similar breed composition were randomized by weight/body condition, and fed one of four 50:50 forage:concentrate diets on a DM basis (16 cows/treatment), containing ground barley grain with either hay or silage, supplemented with 0 or 15% ground flaxseed (DM basis). Cows were slaughtered after spending 140 days on the treatment diets. Five cows from each of the four diets were selected for transcriptional analysis based on FA profiles of the kidney fat collected at slaughter. RNA was isolated from Longissimus thoracis muscle, subcutaneous and kidney fat of each cow (20 samples/tissue) and hybridized in duplicate to BOMC 24K 60-mer microarrays. Differential gene expression between flax-fed and non-flax-fed cows as well as identifying those genes associated with fatty acid metabolism were studied.
Project description:Growth conditions influence growth rate and the corresponding global proteome composition. It is commonly observed that a higher ribosomal content due to growth rate optimization may impact the level of metabolic proteins. In the case of Lactococcus cremoris, acidification and flavor formation are important traits of their use in cheesemaking. This study correlates the expression level of metabolic (e.g., flavor-relevant) enzymes in relation to the level of ribosomes during growth in defined medium or milk.
Project description:Two-stage two-phase biogas reactor systems consisting each of one batch downflow hydrolysis reactor (HR, vol. 10 L), one process fluid storage tank (vol. 10 L), and one downstream upflow anaerobic filter reactor (AF, vol. 10 L), were operated at mesophilic (M, 37 °C) and thermophilic (T, 55 °C) temperatures and over a period of > 750 d (Figure 1, Additional file 1). For each reactor system and for each process temperature, two replicates were conducted in parallel, denominated further as biological replicates. Further process details were as previously published. Start-up of all fermenters were performed using liquid fermenter material from a biogas plant converting cattle manure in co-digestion with grass and maize silage and other biomass at varying concentrations and at mesophilic temperatures. Silage of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was digested as sole substrate in batches of varying amounts with retention times of 28 d (storage of bale silage at -20 °C, cutting length 3 cm, volatile substances (VS) 32 % of fresh mass (FM), total Kjeldahl nitrogen 7.6 g kgFM-1, NH4+-N 0.7 g kgFM-1, acetic acid 2.6 g kgFM-1, propionic acid < 0.04 g kgFM-1, lactic acid 2.6 g kgFM-1, ethanol 2.2 g kgFM-1, C/N ratio 19.3, chemical oxygen demand (COD) 357.7 g kgFM-1, analysis of chemical properties according to [6]. No spoilage was observed in the silage. Biogas yields were calculated as liters normalized to 0 °C and 1013 hPa (LN) per kilogram volatile substances (kgVS). For chemical analysis, samples were taken from the effluents of HR and AF. For sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicon libraries, microbial metagenomes, and microbial metatranscriptomes, samples were taken from the silage digestate in the HR digested for 2 d. At this time point, high AD rates were detected as indicated by the fast increase of volatile fatty acids (VFA), e.g., acetic acid. Sampling was performed at two different organic loading rates (OLR), i.e., batch-fermentation of 500 g (denominated as “low OLR”, samples MOLR500 and TOLR500) and 1,500 g silage (denominated as “increased OLR”, samples MOLR1500 and TOLR1500).
Project description:Fruit flavor and color are critical quality characteristics of tomatoes. Numerous studies have demonstrated that tomato flavor is primarily linked to the sugar-acid content and its ratio, while fruit color is predominantly determined by the composition and concentration of carotenoids and flavonoids. To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underlying the differences in sugar-acid and color formation during fruit ripening, transcriptome analyses were conducted on the closely related yellow-fruited tomato (No.19) and red-fruited tomato (No.20) strains. This analysis aimed to identify key regulatory genes and biosynthetic pathways related to flavor and color development in tomato fruits. The transcriptome analysis revealed that 1,546 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the Br19_vs_Br20 comparison, of which 507 were up-regulated and 1,039 were down-regulated. In the MF19_vs_MF20 comparison, 2,178 DEGs were detected, with 1,235 up-regulated and 943 down-regulated. Upon further analysis of the differentially expressed genes, we identified several key genes in the sugar-acid metabolic pathway, including sucrose synthase (SUS), phosphofructokinase (PFK), fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA), citrate synthase (CS), and succinate dehydrogenase (SuDH), which may significantly influence tomato flavor. Additionally, differential genes related to carotenoid and flavonoid metabolism, such as cytochrome P450 98A (CYP98A), caffeoyl-CoA3-O-methyltransferase (CCoAMT), carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO), lycopene beta cyclase (LCYB), zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP), violaxanthin deepoxidase (VDE), and 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED), as well as genes linked to ethylene synthesis, such as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO), may play a role in the color changes observed in tomatoes. The findings of this study provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of flavor and color development in tomato fruit, offering valuable information for the genetic improvement of tomatoes.
Project description:This research work investigates the expression of the genes involved in flavor compound production in two hybrids between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S. kudriavzevii under low (12°C) and moderate fermentation temperatures (28°C).