Homeoprotein SIX1 compromises anti-tumor immunity through TGF-β-mediated regulation of collagens
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ABSTRACT:
PROVIDER: PRJNA761355 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
Dataset's files
| Action | DRS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SRR15738865_1.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| SRR15738865_2.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| SRR15738866_1.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| SRR15738866_2.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| SRR15738867_1.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz |
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Project description:Purpose: The tumor microenvironment (TME), such as non-immune-infiltrated “cold” tumors, has been associated with immune suppression. However, the complex mechanisms regulating tumor immunogenicity have not been clearly elucidated. In this study, we investigated whether Transcription factor sine oculis homeobox 1 (SIX1) expression in the cancer cells regulated anti-tumor immunity by reshaping TME. Methods: The expression of SIX1 in human tumor tissues was analyzed based on TCGA data. Six1 knockout murine cell lines were generated to analyze the SIX1-associated tumor progression and anti-tumor immune response in tumor xenograft models. Immune cells and cytokines in TME were quantified by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and ELISPOT assay. SIX1-associated differentially expressed genes were investigated in cancer cells and tissues with RNA-Seq. At the end, Correlation of SIX1 with TGFBR2 expression was assessed by Western blot and Dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results:SIX1 was highly upregulated in human tumor tissues, while rarely expressed in matched normal tissues. Deletion of the Six1 in cancer cells inhibited tumor growth, depending on adaptive immunity. Moreover, Six1 deficiency significantly enhanced CD8+ T cells infiltration, leading to eradication of poorly immunogenic tumors and maintaining a long-term protection from tumor re-challenge. Mechanistically, SIX1 as a transcription factor upregulated TGFBR2 expression, which induced collagen genes expression via the Smad2/3 phosphorylation, increased collagens deposition in TME and hampered CD8+ T cells infiltration. Conclusions: Six1 deletion in cancer cells improved tumor immunogenicity, leading to tumor destruction by enhancing anti-tumor immune responses. Our observations uncovered a crucial role of SIX1 on remodulating tumor immunogenicity and demonstrated a proof of concept for targeting SIX1 in cancer immunotherapy.
2021-09-09 | GSE183580 | GEO
Project description:The tumor microenvironment (TME), including infiltrated immune cells, is known to play an important role in tumor growth; however, the mechanisms underlying tumor immunogenicity have not been fully elucidated. Here, we discovered an unexpected role for the transcription factor SIX1 in regulating the tumor immune microenvironment. Based on analyses of patient datasets, we found that SIX1 was upregulated in human tumor tissues and that its expression levels were negatively correlated with immune cell infiltration in the TME and the overall survival rates of cancer patients. Deletion of Six1 in cancer cells significantly reduced tumor growth in an immune-dependent manner with enhanced antitumor immunity in the TME. Mechanistically, SIX1 was required for the expression of multiple collagen genes via the TGFBR2-dependent Smad2/3 activation pathway, and collagen deposition in the TME hampered immune cell infiltration and activation. Thus, our study uncovers a crucial role for SIX1 in modulating tumor immunogenicity and provides proof-of-concept evidence for targeting SIX1 in cancer immunotherapy.
| S-EPMC8633173 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Inappropriate activation of developmental pathways is a well-recognized tumor-promoting mechanism. Here we show that overexpression of the homeoprotein Six1, normally a developmentally restricted transcriptional regulator, increases Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling in mammary carcinoma cells and induces an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) that is in part dependent on its ability to increase TGF-beta signaling. TGF-beta signaling and EMT have been implicated in metastatic dissemination of carcinoma. Using spontaneous and experimental metastasis mouse models, we demonstrate that Six1 overexpression promotes breast cancer metastasis. In addition, we show that, like its induction of EMT, Six1-induced experimental metastasis is dependent on its ability to activate TGF-beta signaling. Importantly, in human breast cancers Six1 significantly correlates with nuclear Smad3, and thus increased TGF-beta signaling. Further, breast cancer patients whose tumors overexpress Six1 have a shortened time to relapse and metastasis, and an overall decrease in survival. Finally, we show that the effects of Six1 on tumor progression likely extend beyond breast cancer, since its overexpression correlates with adverse outcomes in numerous other cancers, including brain, cervical, prostate, colon, kidney, and liver, amongst others. Our findings argue that Six1, acting through TGF-beta signaling and EMT, is a powerful and global promoter of cancer metastasis.
2010-08-21 | GSE23655 | GEO
Project description:Although an important association between lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in breast cancer was observed decades ago, an active role for the lymphatic system in metastatic dissemination has only recently been examined. We demonstrate that the Six1 homeoprotein promotes peri- and intra-tumoral lymphangiogenesis, lymphatic invasion, and distant metastasis of breast cancer cells. We identify the pro-lymphangiogenic factor, VEGF-C, as required for this process, and demonstrate transcriptional induction as the mechanism of regulation of VEGF-C expression by Six1. Using a different, but complementary animal model, we show that while required, VEGF-C is not sufficient for the pro-metastatic effects of Six1. Verifying the clinical significance of this pro-metastatic Six1-VEGF-C axis, we demonstrate co-expression of Six1 and VEGF-C in human breast cancer. Two Control and two Six1 expressing MCF7 clones were orthotopically injected into NOD/Scid mice forming a total of 3 Control and 3 Six1 tumors that were allowed to grow to 2 cm^3 . The tumors were dissected and total RNA was isolated from each tumor and hybridized to Affymetrix arrays
2012-03-31 | E-GEOD-35314 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Gene expression profiling in mouse fibroblast tumors with overexpression of the homeoprotein SIX1
| PRJNA450993 | ENA
Project description:Six1 is a developmental transcriptional regulator frequently overexpressed in human tumors. Recent results also show that SIX1 acts as a repressor of cell senescence, an antiproliferative response with key roles in tumor suppression, among other physiological and pathological settings. Here, we set to study the impact of SIX1 gain of function in transformation and tumorigenesis of fibroblasts, in connection with senescence. Using transcriptomic, histological, and functional analyses in murine cells and tumors of fibroblast origin, we show that SIX1 has a strong pro-tumorigenic action in this model, linked to the repression of a senescence-related gene signature and the activation of cellular plasticity, mediated at least in part by direct transcriptional regulation of the stemness factor Sox2. Moreover, functional analyses with human glioma cell lines also show that SIX1 controls SOX2 expression, senescence and self-renewal in this model. Collectively, our results support a general link of SIX1 with senescence and SOX2-mediated cell plasticity in tumors.
2019-02-12 | GSE113385 | GEO
Project description:Although an important association between lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in breast cancer was observed decades ago, an active role for the lymphatic system in metastatic dissemination has only recently been examined. We demonstrate that the Six1 homeoprotein promotes peri- and intra-tumoral lymphangiogenesis, lymphatic invasion, and distant metastasis of breast cancer cells. We identify the pro-lymphangiogenic factor, VEGF-C, as required for this process, and demonstrate transcriptional induction as the mechanism of regulation of VEGF-C expression by Six1. Using a different, but complementary animal model, we show that while required, VEGF-C is not sufficient for the pro-metastatic effects of Six1. Verifying the clinical significance of this pro-metastatic Six1-VEGF-C axis, we demonstrate co-expression of Six1 and VEGF-C in human breast cancer.
2012-04-01 | GSE35314 | GEO
Project description:TP53 is mutated in 50% of all cancers, and is often functionally compromised in cancers where it is not mutated. We demonstrate that the pro-tumorigenic/metastatic Six1 homeoprotein decreases p53 levels through a mechanism that does not involve the negative regulator of p53, MDM2. Instead, Six1 regulates p53 via a dual mechanism involving upregulation of microRNA-27a and downregulation of the ribosomal protein L26 (RPL26), a positive regulator of p53 translation. Mutation analysis confirms that RPL26, whose expression inversely correlates with Six1 expression in numerous tumor types, inhibits miR-27a binding to the p53 3’UTR and prevents microRNA-mediated translational inhibition of p53. Thus, through simultaneous downregulation of RPL26 and upregulation of miR-27a, Six1 efficiently lowers p53 levels despite regulation of p53 at the level of the proteasome. Consequently, Six1 overexpression, which is observed in numerous tumor types, leads to dramatic resistance to nutlins, as well as other therapies targeting the p53-MDM2 interaction.
2016-01-15 | GSE65200 | GEO
Project description:TP53 is mutated in 50% of all cancers, and is often functionally compromised in cancers where it is not mutated. We demonstrate that the pro-tumorigenic/metastatic Six1 homeoprotein decreases p53 levels through a mechanism that does not involve the negative regulator of p53, MDM2. Instead, Six1 regulates p53 via a dual mechanism involving upregulation of microRNA-27a and downregulation of the ribosomal protein L26 (RPL26), a positive regulator of p53 translation. Mutation analysis confirms that RPL26, whose expression inversely correlates with Six1 expression in numerous tumor types, inhibits miR-27a binding to the p53 3’UTR and prevents microRNA-mediated translational inhibition of p53. Thus, through simultaneous downregulation of RPL26 and upregulation of miR-27a, Six1 efficiently lowers p53 levels despite regulation of p53 at the level of the proteasome. Consequently, Six1 overexpression, which is observed in numerous tumor types, leads to dramatic resistance to nutlins, as well as other therapies targeting the p53-MDM2 interaction.
2016-03-21 | GSE65677 | GEO
Project description:The homeodomain transcription factor SIX1 plays a critical role in embryogenesis, is not expressed in normal adult tissue, but is expressed in many malignancies, including cervical cancer. SIX1 drives the progression of HPV16-immortalized human keratinocytes (HKc/HPV16) toward malignancy: HKc/HPV16 express high levels of SIX1 mRNA and protein; overexpression of SIX1 in HKc/HPV16 produces pre-malignant, differentiation-resistant lines (HKc/DR); SIX1 overexpression in HKc/DR induces tumorigenicity. In this paper, we explore the consequences of inhibition of SIX1 expression in premalignant HKc/DR. Only partial inhibition of SIX1 expression could be obtained in HKc/DR by RNA interference. Decreased SIX1 expression (up to 80%) in HKc/DR resulted in slower proliferation, decreased HPV16-E6/E7 mRNA levels, and increased p53 protein levels. Gene expression changes induced in HKc/DR by anti-SIX1 shRNA were indicative of mesenchymal-epithelial transition (EMT) and changes in TGF-beta signaling. We conclude that HPV16-transformed cells depend on SIX1 for survival, continuous HPV16 E6/E7 gene expression and EMT.
2019-08-20 | GSE126926 | GEO