Project description:Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) restrains cytotoxic immune response to maintain self-tolerance and to promote tumor immune evasion. Yet how SMAD4, a central transcription factor component of TGF-β signaling, regulates CD8+ T cell function remains unclear. Here we have demonstrated SMAD4 played a critical role in promoting CD8+ T cell activation and cytotoxic function. SMAD4-mediated transcriptional regulation of CD8+ T cell activation and cytotoxicity is regulated by T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway rather than TGF-β signaling pathway. We described a new mechanism that in TCR-mediated intracellular signal propagation, SMAD4 markedly translocated into the nucleus, upregulated genes that encoding TCR complex subunits and cytotoxic molecules in CD8+ T cells, reinforced the TCR-activation signals through a positive feedback loop. And in this signaling, SMAD4 is phosphorylated by ERK at Ser367 residue. Our study thus demonstrates an essential role of SMAD4 in promoting CD8+ T cell mediated cytotoxic immune responses.
Project description:Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) restrains cytotoxic immune response to maintain self-tolerance and to promote tumor immune evasion. Yet how SMAD4, a central transcription factor component of TGF-β signaling, regulates CD8+ T cell function remains unclear. Here we have demonstrated SMAD4 played a critical role in promoting CD8+ T cell activation and cytotoxic function. SMAD4-mediated transcriptional regulation of CD8+ T cell activation and cytotoxicity is regulated by T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway rather than TGF-β signaling pathway. We described a new mechanism that in TCR-mediated intracellular signal propagation, SMAD4 markedly translocated into the nucleus, upregulated genes that encoding TCR complex subunits and cytotoxic molecules in CD8+ T cells, reinforced the TCR-activation signals through a positive feedback loop. And in this signaling, SMAD4 is phosphorylated by ERK at Ser367 residue. Our study thus demonstrates an essential role of SMAD4 in promoting CD8+ T cell mediated cytotoxic immune responses.
Project description:SMAD4, a key mediator of TGF-beta signaling, plays a crucial role in T cells to prevent chronic intestinal inflammation through unknown mechanisms. We reveal that SMAD4 in CD8 T cells prevents chronic intestinal inflammation primarily in a TGF-beta-independent manner. Mechanistically, SMAD4, in CD8 T cells, acts as a basal and tonic repressor of TGF-beta-target genes at the transcriptional and epigenetic level, prior to any TGF-beta signal. SMAD4 deletion affects aberrantly a wide range of TGF-beta-target genes, thereby promoting accumulation and epithelial retention of CD8.alpha.beta T cells inversely to total TGF-beta signaling disruption. Moreover, SMAD4 deletion unleashes the expression of TGF-beta-signaling-repressors and hampers TGF-β-mediated CD8 T cell immunosuppression, eliciting their chronic activation. Hence, in a feedforward mechanism, SMAD4 both blocks the TGF-beta signature in CD8 T cells and pre-sensitizes them to TGF-beta.
Project description:SMAD4, a key mediator of TGF-beta signaling, plays a crucial role in T cells to prevent chronic intestinal inflammation through unknown mechanisms. We reveal that SMAD4 in CD8 T cells prevents chronic intestinal inflammation primarily in a TGF-beta-independent manner. Mechanistically, SMAD4, in CD8 T cells, acts as a basal and tonic repressor of TGF-beta-target genes at the transcriptional and epigenetic level, prior to any TGF-beta signal. SMAD4 deletion affects aberrantly a wide range of TGF-beta-target genes, thereby promoting accumulation and epithelial retention of CD8.alpha.beta T cells inversely to total TGF-beta signaling disruption. Moreover, SMAD4 deletion unleashes the expression of TGF-beta-signaling-repressors and hampers TGF-β-mediated CD8 T cell immunosuppression, eliciting their chronic activation. Hence, in a feedforward mechanism, SMAD4 both blocks the TGF-beta signature in CD8 T cells and pre-sensitizes them to TGF-beta.
Project description:We compared gene expression profiling between CD4+ helper T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells CD4+ helper T cells vs CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
Project description:Glucose is essential for T cell proliferation and function, yet the metabolic fates of glucose critical for T cell responses in vivo remain poorly defined. Here, we identify glycosphingolipid (GSL) biosynthesis as an essential arm of glucose metabolism that fuels CD8+ T cell expansion and cytotoxic function in vivo. Using stable isotope tracing, we show that CD8+ effector T (Teff) cells in vivo use glucose to synthesize uridine diphosphate-glucose (UDP-Glc), a common precursor for glycogen, glycan, and GSL biosynthesis. Blocking GSL production–by targeting the enzymes UDP-Glc pyrophosphorylase 2 (UGP2) or UDP-Glc ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG)–blunts CD8+ T cell expansion and cytotoxic activity without impacting glucose-dependent energy production. Mechanistically, we show that glucose-dependent GSL biosynthesis (via UGCG) maintains lipid integrity at the plasma membrane and is required for lipid raft aggregation following T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. CD8+ T cells lacking UGCG display poor cytotoxic function and reduced tumor control in vivo. Together, our data highlight GSL biosynthesis as an essential metabolic fate for glucose–independent of energy production–required to maintain membrane lipid homeostasis and CD8+ T cell cytotoxic function in vivo.
Project description:TGF-beta/Smads signaling plays important roles in vascular integrity. To identify potential Smad4 target genes in brain endothelial cells that control cerebrovascular integrity, the microarray assay was performed to compare the gene expression profiles of bEnd3 transfected with Smad4-siRNA and control-siRNA. bEnd3 cells were infected by Smad4-siRNA or control-siRNA retrovirus particles produced by PLAT-E packaging cells and selected by puromycin. The specific and control RNAi cells were used for RNA extraction and hybridization on Affymetrix microarrays. Two independent infections were performed and samples were pooled in order to obtain representative populations.