The potential of the gut microbiome as a driver of individual cognitive differences in natural populations of animals remains unexplored. Here, using metagenomic sequencing of individual bumblebee hindguts, we find a positive correlation between the abundance of Lactobacillus Firm-5 clus...
Early-life experiences profoundly shape brain development and long-term cognition. Environmental enrichment (EE) and social isolation (SI) represent opposing forms of stimulation and deprivation, yet the metabolic mechanisms connecting these conditions to cognitive outcomes remain poorly defined....