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In vitro toxicology approaches have evolved, from a focus on the molecular changes within a cell to understanding of toxicity-related mechanisms that simulate the in vivo environment. The recent development of three dimensional (3-D) organotypic nasal epithelial culture models offer a physiologicall...
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens 
The development of reduced-risk products is aimed at providing adult smokers, who are unable to quit, with alternatives to cigarettes that present less risk of harm and smoking-related disease. The use of flavors in the development of these reduced-risk products fulfils an important role in product ...
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens 
In vitro toxicology approaches have evolved, from a focus on the molecular changes within a cell to understanding of toxicity-related mechanisms that simulate the in vivo environment. The recent development of three dimensional (3-D) organotypic nasal epithelial culture models offer a physiologicall...
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens 
In the context of tobacco harm-reduction strategy, the potential reduced impact of electronic cigarette (EC) exposure should be evaluated relative to the impact of cigarette smoke (CS) exposure. We conducted a series of in vitro studies to compare the biological impact of an acute exposure to aeroso...
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens 
The harmful effects of cigarette smoke exposure on the respiratory tract are widely known. Exposure to aerosol from electronic vapor (e-vapor) products has been suggested to result in less risk of harm to smokers than CS exposure. Many studies have assessed the potential toxicity of the aerosol from...
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens 
Cigarette smoke (CS) has been reported to increase predisposition to oral cancer and is also recognized as a risk factor for many conditions including periodontal diseases, gingivitis, and other benign mucosal disorders. Smoking cessation remains the most effective approach for minimizing the risk o...
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens 
Along the trachea-bronchial tree, including the small airway region, cigarette smoke exposure induces inflammation, which can exacerbate the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The small airway region is known as the primary location of airway blockage in COPD and asthma. Th...
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens 
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