Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen with a high incidence and mortality rate in both swine and humans. Following antibiotic treatment, the organism has evolved many resistance mechanisms, among of which efflux pump overexpression can promote drug extrusion out of the cell. This study clarified...
The negative feedback mechanism is essential to maintain effective immunity and tissue homeostasis. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3) modulates innate immune response, but the mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we report that vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling attenuates Toll-like recepto...
Brain-derived extracellular vesicles participate in inter-organ communication after traumatic brain injury by transporting pathogens to initiate secondary injury. Inflammasome related proteins encapsulated in brain-derived extracellular vesicles are capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier to rea...
