Identification of chicken Interferon Stimulated Genes (ISGs) using Affymetrix Chicken Gene 1.0 ST Arrays
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ABSTRACT: Recombinant chicken IFN1 was prepared as previously reported (Laidlaw et al, 2013) and was added in chicken embryo fibroblasts to a final concentration of 1000 U/ml. Confluent cells were treated with chicken IFNα or mock treated and incubated for six hours before harvesting. The experiment was repeated in triplicate with three different batches of CEFs.
Project description:Recombinant chicken IFN1 was prepared as previously reported (Laidlaw et al, 2013) and was added in chicken embryo fibroblasts to a final concentration of 1000 U/ml. Confluent cells were treated with chicken IFNa or mock treated and incubated for six hours before harvesting. The experiment was repeated in triplicate with three different batches of CEFs.
Project description:Fowlpox virus (here as FP9, a plaque-purified, high passage-attenuated derivative) effectively suppresses induction of the âinnateâ immune responses, notably the Type I interferon system, of the permissive host (chicken). Despite the extensive usage of fowlpox virus as a recombinant vaccine vector in chickens, its immunomodulatory mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, a transcriptomic analysis using the Affymetrix GeneChip chicken genome array was performed at the host gene transcription level at 4, 8, 16 and 24 hours post-infection of mock treated and FP9-infected (MOI=5, 2h) chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF). The experiment was performed in triplicate with three different batches of CEFs. Because fowlpox virus is capable of expressing antigens in mammalian cells, these studies in chicken cells form a baseline for subsequent study of immunomodulation of mammalian innate immune responses.
Project description:Fowlpox virus (FWPV) is a double-stranded DNA virus, used as a live vaccine against poultry diseases, and considered a promising potential mammalian vaccine vector. Similar to mammalian poxviruses, FWPV has evolved mechanisms to evade host immune responses at different levels. We infected chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) with individual FWPV mutants (n=59), each deficient in one non-essential gene, from a previously described knock-out virus library [Laidlaw et al, 2013 J Virology 87(9); Laidlaw and Skinner, 2014 Bio-protocol 4(10); e1126]. Host responses to the mutant viruses were screened at 16h post infection for each virus using Affymetrix GeneChip Genome arrays which includes probes for most FWPV genes. Controls included the wild type virus and uninfected samples. To avoid systematic errors due to different batches of CEF and hybridisation/scanning on different dates, samples were processed in groups of randomised samples.
Project description:The present investigation was to identify the signaling and metabolic pathways of expressed genes by microarray comparison between Primordial Germ Cells (PGCs) and their somatic counterpart, chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEFs). We identified a total of 2,605 expressed transcripts. Among these, 1,197 were predominantly expressed in PGCs, and 1,408 were predominantly expressed in CEFs. Cell culture and microarray data generation were performed in triplicate. Blood PGCs from E2.5 embryos (N=20 for each replication) and CEFs from E6.5 embryos (N=5 for each replication) were cultured in appropriate culture medium. Total RNA was extracted from cultured PGCs (1,500,000 cells for each replication) and cultured CEFs (6,000,000 cells for each replication) with a Qiagen RNeasy kit. About 5 M-BM-5g of total RNA from each replication was used for labeling. Probe synthesis from total RNA samples, hybridization, detection, and scanning were performed according to standard protocols from Affymetrix.
Project description:The response of chicken to non-typhoidal Salmonella infection is becoming well characterised but the role of particular cell types in this response is still far from being understood. Therefore, in this study we characterised the response of chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) to infection with two different S. Enteritidis strains by microarray analysis. The expression of chicken genes identified as significantly up- or down-regulated (≥3-fold) by microarray analysis was verified by real-time PCR followed by functional classification of the genes and prediction of interactions between the proteins using Gene Ontology and STRING Database. Finally the expression of the newly identified genes was tested in HD11 macrophages and in vivo in chickens. Altogether 19 genes were induced in CEFs after S. Enteritidis infection. Twelve of them were also induced in HD11 macrophages and thirteen in the caecum of orally infected chickens. The majority of these genes were assigned different functions in the immune response, however five of them (LOC101750351, K123, BU460569, MOBKL2C and G0S2) have not been associated with the response of chicken to Salmonella infection so far. K123 and G0S2 were the only 'non-immune' genes inducible by S. Enteritidis in fibroblasts, HD11 macrophages and in the caecum after oral infection. The function of K123 is unknown but G0S2 is involved in lipid metabolism and in β-oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria. Increased levels of G0S2 might decrease the availability of fatty acids to mitochondria. In non-professional phagocytes such as CEFs, this may lead to the dysfunction of mitochondria, apoptosis of CEFs and release of intracellular Salmonella. In professional phagocytes, G0S2 might be involved in the control of mitochondrial respiration, resulting in a decrease of reactive oxygen species as respiration by-products and lower damage to tissue. In this study we were interested whether chicken embryo fibroblast (CEFs) respond to S. Enteritidis infection and to what extent their response differs from that of other cells and caecal tissue. To address this, we characterised the gene expression of CEFs after infection with two different wild-type S. Enteritidis strains of poultry origin - SE 147 and SE 11 - using Agilen custom 8×15K microarrays. In total, 13,681 probes were designed to characterise the expression of ~9,000 transcripts of Gallus gallus.
Project description:The spontaneously immortalised chicken DF-1 cell line is rapidly replacing its progenitor primary chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) in studies on avian viruses but no comprehensive study has as yet been reported comparing their immune phenotype. We conducted microarray analysis of the DF-1 and CEF, in both normal and stimulated conditions using recombinant chicken chIFN-α and the CEF-adapted infectious bursal disease virus vaccine strain PBG98.
Project description:Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), a member of the Gammaretrovirus genus in the Retroviridae family, causes an immunosuppressive, oncogenic and runting-stunting syndrome in multiple avian hosts. To better understand the host interactions at the transcriptional level, microarray data analysis was performed in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after infection with REV. This study identified numerous differentially expressed genes that were classified into several functional groups. Significant differences were mainly observed in the expression of genes involved in the immune response, especially during the later post-infection time points. These results revealed that differentially expressed genes play important roles in the pathogenicity of REV infection. Our study is the first to use microarray analysis to investigate REV, and these findings provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of the host antiviral response and the molecular basis of viral pathogenesis. Infection of Reticuloendotheliosis virus induced gene expression in chicken fibroblasts was measured at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days post-infection after exposure to a multiplicity of infection of 1. Both infection group and non-infection group experiments were performed for 3 independent replicates at each time point.
Project description:Background: Genes, RNAs, and proteins play important roles during germline development. However, the functions of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) on germline development remain unclear in avian species. Recent high-throughput techniques have identified several classes of ncRNAs, including micro RNAs (miRNAs), small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). These ncRNAs are functionally important in the genome, however, the identification and annotation of ncRNAs in a genome is challenging. The aim of this study was to identify different types of small ncRNAs particularly piRNAs, and the role of piRNA pathway genes in the protection of chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs). Results: At first, we performed next-generation sequencing to identify ncRNAs in chicken PGCs, and we performed ab initio predictive analysis to identify putative piRNAs in PGCs. Then, we examined the expression of three repetitive sequence-linked piRNAs and 14 genic-transcript-linked piRNAs along with their linked genes using real-time PCR. All piRNAs and their linked genes were highly expressed in PGCs. Subsequently, we knocked down two known piRNA pathway genes of chicken, PIWI-like protein 1 (CIWI) and 2 (CILI), in PGCs using siRNAs. After knockdown of CIWI and CILI, we examined their effects on the expression of six putative piRNA-linked genes and DNA double-strand breakage in PGCs. The knockdown of CIWI and CILI upregulated chicken repetitive 1 (CR1) element and RAP2B, a member of RAS oncogene family, and increased DNA double-strand breakage in PGCs. Conclusions: Our results increase the understanding of PGC-expressed ncRNAs and the role of piRNA pathway genes in the protection of germ cells. Small ncRNA expression profiling in SSEA-1 positive PGCs, SSEA-1 negative gonadal stromal cells (GSCs), Stage X blastoderms, and chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEFs)
Project description:Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous protozoan pathogen able to infect both mammalian and avian hosts. Surprisingly, just three strains appear to account for the majority of isolates from Europe and N. America. To test the hypothesis that strain divergence might be driven by differences between mammalian and avian response to infection, we examine in vitro strain-dependent host responses in a representative avian host, the chicken. To identify parasite drivers of strain-dependent host response, QTL mapping was used; analysis revealed a locus on Toxoplasma chromosome VIIb. To determine whether this was the parasite gene ROP16, array analysis was performed on chicken embryonic fibroblasts infected with Type I parasites and ROP16-KO parasites (of a Type I background). Chicken embryonic fibroblasts were cultivated in vitro and infected with either Type I (RH) parasites or Type I ROP16-KO parasites; ROP16-dependent host transcriptional responses were then analyzed at 5 hours post-infection.
Project description:To examine global gene expression profile of chicken early paraxial mesoderm differentiation, we microdissected stage 12HH chicken PSM regions into 20 pieces (10 pieces both left-right PSM), including the tail bud, the PSM and somites. We create microarray series using these fragments. Duplicated 10 fragmented tissues from stage 12 chicken PSM regions. contributor: IGBMC microarray facility