Interaction between microbiota and development of the olfactory system in mouse
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ABSTRACT: Olfactory systems are one of the most conserved and ancient sensory systems in vertebrates. The vertebrate olfactory epithelium is colonized by complex communities of commensal microorganisms, but their impact on olfactory epithelial development and function remains unknown. Using germ-free mouse model, we aim to understand the transcriptional responses that colonization with a microbiota induces in olfactory organs. This study was aimed to understand the changes in gene expression in the nose of Germ Free (GF) mice compared to conventionalized (ConvD) mice. This experiment is related to E-MTAB-5045 (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress/experiments/E-MTAB-5045)
Project description:Olfactory systems are one of the most conserved and ancient sensory systems in vertebrates. The vertebrate olfactory epithelium is colonized by complex communities of commensal microorganisms, but their impact on olfactory epithelial development and function remains unknown. Using germ-free zebrafish model, we aim to understand the transcriptional responses that colonization with a microbiota induces in olfactory organs. This study was aimed to understand the changes in gene expression in the olfactory organ of Germ Free (GF) zebrafish compared to conventionalized (ConvD) zebrafish. This experiment is related to E-MTAB-5046 (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress/experiments/E-MTAB-5046)
Project description:This experiment was aimed at understanding transcriptional response to a plant protein diet in multiple tissues of Atlantic salmon. Agilent-based microarray platform with 4 x 44 K probes per slide (Salar_2; Agilent Design ID:025520) oligo microarray was used in this experiment. A dual-labelled experimental design was employed for the microarray hybridisations. aRNA from each experimental sample (Cy3 labelled) was competitively hybridised against a common pooled-reference sample (Cy5 labelled), which comprised equal amounts of aRNA from each of the samples used in the study. This design permits valid statistical comparisons across all treatments to be made. The entire experiment comprised 24 hybridisations - 3 tissues (mid intestine, liver, muscle) x 2 treatments (MP diet / PP diet) x 4 biological replicates.
Project description:Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a virus of the genus Novirhabdovirus and the causative agent of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN), one of the most serious threats to salmonid fishes. IHN outbreaks can cause more than 80% mortality rates in certain cases. Studying the transcriptional responses to the secondary immunization with a live attenuated IHNV vaccine will help us understand how fish previously immunized respond when they encounter again the same pathogen and how effective this type of vaccination is.This experiment was aimed at understanding the transcriptomic response of rainbow trout to an IHNV secondary nasal vaccination.
Project description:The production of carnivorous fish such as Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is dependent on the availability of high quality protein required as a sustainable substitute for the formulation of the feeds. Plants have arguably the greatest potential, however a major limitation is associated with the presence of anti-nutritional factors. Investigating novel raw materials involves understanding the physiological consequences of the substitution. The primary aim of the present study was to assess the metabolic response of salmon to increasing inclusion of air-classified faba bean protein concentrate (BPC) in feeds as a replacement for soy (SPC). Specifically, we focused on the hepatic transcriptome response to dietary BPC inclusion over a range including commercially relevant levels (e.g. 11-22%) to levels giving impaired performance (45 %). The present investigation provided a profile of the salmon hepatic response to BPC indicating that fish tolerated moderate substitution of dietary SPC with BPC with no evident negative effects on the hepatic physiology of the fish. The analysis of extreme levels of substitution provided insights into physiological mechanisms that are significantly altered providing the basis for further investigation and improvement.
Project description:The present study aimed to determine the impact of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the metabolism of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The effects of diets containing increasing levels of DHA (1 g kg-1, 5 g kg-1, 10 g kg-1, 15 g kg-1 and 20 g kg-1) on the liver transcriptome of post-smolt salmon was determined using regression analysis to elucidate patterns of gene expression and responses of specific metabolic pathways. Total RNA was isolated from liver of individual fish and analyzed using a custom 44K Atlantic salmon oligo-microarray. The expression of up to 911 unique annotated genes was significantly affected by dietary DHA inclusion relative to a low DHA reference diet. Using regression analysis, 797 unique genes were found with a significant linear correlation between expression level and dietary DHA. Gene-Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) identified a range of pathways that were significantly affected by dietary DHA content. Pathways that showed a significant response to dietary DHA level included those for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid elongation, steroid biosynthesis, glycan biosynthesis, protein export and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. These findings suggest that in addition to clear roles in influencing lipid metabolic pathways, DHA also has key functional roles in other biosynthetic pathways distinct from lipid metabolism.
Project description:The aim of the present study was to generate an experimental model to characterize the nutrigenomic profile of a plant-derived nutritional stress (S30 = 300 g Kg-1 Soybean Meal). Our results provided: a) a snapshot of molecular signatures describing a chronic and advanced nutritional stress to which future nutrigenomic studies might refer to; and b) a platform for the identification of candidate genes for the molecular phenotyping of several physiological parameters in liver and distal intestine. Atlantic salmon was used as a model. The nutritional stress was induced by inclusions of dietary defatted soybean meal (SBM) up to a level of 300 g kg-1, being this ingredient extensively demonstrated to induce reduced performance and enteropathy in the distal intestine (Baeverfjord and Krogdahl, 1996;Urán et al., 2009;URÁN et al., 2008). A control treatment with no SBM (S0) as well as intermediate levels of inclusion (100 g kg-1 and 200 g kg-1 SBM) were included to span a range of optimal and sub-optimal conditions. Performance parameters were measured and impaired growth was taken as an indicator of pronounced and chronic nutritional stress. Molecular analyses were performed in two tissues, liver and distal intestine. Distal intestine was chosen for being the site most morphologically and physiologically affected during the development of intestinal pathologies associated with plant ingredients such as SBM (Baeverfjord and Krogdahl, 1996;Kortner et al., 2011), while liver for being arguably the most metabolic active tissue. These tissues have been the most investigated targets in nutritional studies on fish so far. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the most comprehensive of its kind to report on the transcriptomic profile of the distal intestine and the liver, hence highlighting the supporting role of this tissue, in fish undergoing SBM-induced nutritional stress. Skugor et al (, 2011) described gene expression profiles of liver and intestine in fish fed 200 g kg-1 SBM inclusion using a 11K trout array. By investigating a larger number of probes (44K) in a more severe nutritional stress (300 g kg-1), our work will add further nutrigenomic information to the current literature.
Project description:Liver transcriptomes of Atlantic salmon families with contrasting flesh n-3 LC-PUFA profiles, and all fed the same 100% vegetable oil replacement diet, were compared by microarray analysis (Agilent oligoarray platform). The objective was to identify gene pathways and molecular mechanisms which might explain differences in flesh n-3 LC-PUFA content, independent of total lipid deposition, when salmon families are fed the same LC-PUFA deficient diet. A factorial design was chosen in which families containing higher and lower n-3 LC-PUFA relative levels were compared at similar total lipid percentages in flesh.
Project description:To ensure sustainability of aquaculture, plant-based ingredients are being used in feeds to replace marine-derived products. However, plants contain secondary metabolites which can affect food intake and nutrient utilisation of fish. The application of nutritional stimuli during early development can induce long-term changes in animal physiology. Recently, we successfully used this approach to improve the utilisation of plant-based diets in diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon. In the present study we explored the molecular mechanisms occurring in the liver of salmon when challenged with a plant-based diet in order to determine the metabolic processes affected, and the effect of ploidy. Microarray analysis revealed that nutritional history had a major impact on the expression of genes. Key pathways of intermediary metabolism were up-regulated, including oxidative phosphorylation, pyruvate metabolism, TCA cycle, glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism. Other differentially expressed pathways affected by diet included protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, RNA transport, endocytosis and purine metabolism. The interaction between diet and ploidy also had an effect on the hepatic transcriptome of salmon. The biological pathways with the highest number of genes affected by this interaction were related to gene transcription and translation, and cell processes such as proliferation, differentiation, communication and membrane trafficking. The present study revealed that nutritional programming induced changes in a large number of metabolic processes in Atlantic salmon, which may be associated with the improved fish performance and nutrient utilisation demonstrated previously. In addition, differences between diploid and triploid salmon were found, supporting recent data that indicate nutritional requirements of triploid salmon may differ from those of their diploid counterparts.
Project description:As part of a study investigating the effects of genotype on responses to sustainable feeds in Atlantic salmon, a microarray analysis of the liver transcriptome of two family groups, identified as 'Lean' or 'Fat' (based on flesh lipid content), which were fed a diet containing either 100% fish oil (FO) or 100% vegetable oil (VO) was undertaken. Cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism pathways that were differentially affected by diet depending on the genetic background of the fish were identified.<br><br>The TRAITS/SGP (v.2.1) salmon 17k cDNA microarray was used in this experiment. A dual-labelled experimental design was employed for the microarray hybridisations. aRNA from each experimental sample (Cy3 labelled) was competitively hybridised against a common pooled-reference sample (Cy5 labelled), which comprised equal amounts of aRNA from each of the samples used in the study. This design permits valid statistical comparisons across all treatments to be made. The entire experiment comprised 24 hybridisations - 2 lipid phenotypes (Lean/Fat) × 2 diets (FO/VO) × 6 biological replicates.