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Alterations in Appetite-Regulating Hormones in Girls with Central Early or Precocious Puberty.

ABSTRACT: The prevalence of central precocious puberty (CPP) in girls has increased worldwide and is often associated with obesity in childhood as well as high fat/high glycemic index diets. Evidence suggests that subjects with obesity present with alterations in appetite-regulating hormones. The arcuate and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus are the centers of action of appetite hormones, as well as the location of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, the activation of which results in the onset of puberty. This anatomical proximity raises the question of possible alterations in appetite-regulating hormones in patients with CPP. Furthermore, diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation constitutes a probable mechanism of the pathophysiology of CPP, as well as alterations in appetite-regulating hormones in young children. In this article, we summarize the evidence investigating whether girls with CPP present with alterations in appetite-regulating hormones. We present evidence that leptin concentrations are elevated in girls with CPP, ghrelin concentrations are lower in girls with CPP, nesfatin-1 and orexin-A concentrations are elevated among girls with premature thelarche, and insulin concentrations are increased in girls with early menarche.

SUBMITTER: Stathori G

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10574110 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Alterations in Appetite-Regulating Hormones in Girls with Central Early or Precocious Puberty.

Stathori Galateia G Tzounakou Anastasia-Maria AM Mastorakos George G Vlahos Nikolaos F NF Charmandari Evangelia E Valsamakis Georgios G

Nutrients 20231009 19

The prevalence of central precocious puberty (CPP) in girls has increased worldwide and is often associated with obesity in childhood as well as high fat/high glycemic index diets. Evidence suggests that subjects with obesity present with alterations in appetite-regulating hormones. The arcuate and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus are the centers of action of appetite hormones, as well as the location of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, the activation of which results in ...[more]

PMID: 37836591

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Project description:BackgroundRecent studies demonstrated that changes in DNA methylation (DNAm) and inactivation of two imprinted genes (MKRN3 and DLK1) alter the onset of female puberty. We aimed to investigate the association of DNAm profiling with the timing of human puberty analyzing the genome-wide DNAm patterns of peripheral blood leukocytes from ten female patients with central precocious puberty (CPP) and 33 healthy girls (15 pre- and 18 post-pubertal). For this purpose, we performed comparisons between the groups: pre- versus post-pubertal, CPP versus pre-pubertal, and CPP versus post-pubertal.ResultsAnalyzing the methylome changes associated with normal puberty, we identified 120 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) when comparing pre- and post-pubertal healthy girls. Most of these DMRs were hypermethylated in the pubertal group (99%) and located on the X chromosome (74%). Only one genomic region, containing the promoter of ZFP57, was hypomethylated in the pubertal group. ZFP57 is a transcriptional repressor required for both methylation and imprinting of multiple genomic loci. ZFP57 expression in the hypothalamus of female rhesus monkeys increased during peripubertal development, suggesting enhanced repression of downstream ZFP57 target genes. Fourteen other zinc finger (ZNF) genes were related to the hypermethylated DMRs at normal puberty. Analyzing the methylome changes associated with CPP, we demonstrated that the patients with CPP exhibited more hypermethylated CpG sites compared to both pre-pubertal (81%) and pubertal (89%) controls. Forty-eight ZNF genes were identified as having hypermethylated CpG sites in CPP.ConclusionMethylome profiling of girls at normal and precocious puberty revealed a widespread pattern of DNA hypermethylation, indicating that the pubertal process in humans is associated with specific changes in epigenetically driven regulatory control. Moreover, changes in methylation of several ZNF genes appear to be a distinct epigenetic modification underlying the initiation of human puberty.

Project description:BackgroundGenetic and environmental factors are implicated in many developmental processes. Recent evidence, however, has suggested that epigenetic changes may also influence the onset of puberty or the susceptibility to a wide range of diseases later in life. The present study aims to investigate changes in genomic DNA methylation profiles associated with pubertal onset analyzing human peripheral blood leukocytes from three different groups of subjects: 19 girls with central precocious puberty (CPP), 14 healthy prepubertal girls matched by age and 13 healthy pubertal girls matched by pubertal stage. For this purpose, the comparisons were performed between pre- and pubertal controls to identify changes in normal pubertal transition and CPP versus pre- and pubertal controls.ResultsAnalysis of methylation changes associated with normal pubertal transition identified 1006 differentially methylated CpG sites, 86% of them were found to be hypermethylated in prepubertal controls. Some of these CpG sites reside in genes associated with the age of menarche or transcription factors involved in the process of pubertal development. Analysis of methylome profiles in CPP patients showed 65% and 55% hypomethylated CpG sites compared with prepubertal and pubertal controls, respectively. In addition, interestingly, our results revealed the presence of 43 differentially methylated genes coding for zinc finger (ZNF) proteins. Gene ontology and IPA analysis performed in the three groups studied revealed significant enrichment of them in some pathways related to neuronal communication (semaphorin and gustation pathways), estrogens action, some cancers (particularly breast and ovarian) or metabolism (particularly sirtuin).ConclusionsThe different methylation profiles of girls with normal and precocious puberty indicate that regulation of the pubertal process in humans is associated with specific epigenetic changes. Differentially methylated genes include ZNF genes that may play a role in developmental control. In addition, our data highlight changes in the methylation status of genes involved in signaling pathways that determine the migration and function of GnRH neurons and the onset of metabolic and neoplastic diseases that may be associated with CPP in later life.

Project description:BackgroundCentral precocious puberty (CPP) is a multifactorial and complex condition. Traditional studies focusing on a single indicator cannot always elucidate this panoramic condition but these may be revealed by using omics techniques.ObjectiveProteomics and metabolomics analysis of girls with CPP were compared to normal controls and the potential biomarkers and pathways involved were explored.MethodsSerum proteins and metabolites from normal girls and those with CPP were compared by LC-MS/MS. Multivariate and univariate statistical analysis were used to identify the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs). Functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis were performed by using GO and KEGG databases, and candidate markers were screened. Finally, bioinformatic analysis was used to integrate the results of proteomics and metabolomics to find the key differential proteins, metabolites and potential biomarkers of CPP.Results134 DEPs were identified in girls with CPP with 71 up- and 63 down-regulated, respectively. Up-regulated proteins were enriched mainly in the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion and cellular protein metabolic processes, platelet degranulation and skeletal system development. The down-regulated proteins were mainly enriched in the immune response. Candidate proteins including MMP9, TIMP1, SPP1, CDC42, POSTN, COL1A1, COL6A1, COL2A1 and BMP1, were found that may be related to pubertal development. 103 DEMs were identified, including 42 up-regulated and 61 down-regulated metabolites which were mainly enriched in lipid and taurine metabolic pathways. KGML network analysis showed that phosphocholine (16:1(9Z)/16:1(9Z)) was involved in arachidonic acid, glycerophospholipid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid metabolism and it may be used as a biomarker of CPP.ConclusionsOur study is the first to integrate proteomics and metabolomics to analyze the serum of girls with CPP and we found some key differential proteins and metabolites as well as a potential biomarker for this condition. Lipid metabolism pathways are involved and these may provide a key direction to further explore the molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis of CPP.

Dataset Information

Alterations in Appetite-Regulating Hormones in Girls with Central Early or Precocious Puberty.

Publications

Alterations in Appetite-Regulating Hormones in Girls with Central Early or Precocious Puberty.

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