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Multimodal imaging in Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy: Literature review and novel insights.

ABSTRACT: Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy (BVMD) is a dominantly inherited retinal disease caused by dominant variants in the BEST1 gene. The original classification of BVMD is based on biomicroscopy and color fundus photography (CFP); however, advancements in retinal imaging provided unique structural, vascular, and functional data and novel insights on disease pathogenesis. Quantitative fundus autofluorescence studies informed us that lipofuscin accumulation, the hallmark of BVMD, is unlikely to be a primary effect of the genetic defect. It could be due to a lack of apposition between photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium in the macula with subsequent accumulation of shed outer segments over time. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and adaptive optics imaging revealed that vitelliform lesions are characterized by progressive changes in the cone mosaic corresponding to a thinning of the outer nuclear layer and then disruption of the ellipsoid zone, which are associated with a decreased sensitivity and visual acuity. Therefore, an OCT staging system based on lesion composition, thus reflecting disease evolution, has been recently developed. Lastly, the emerging role of OCT Angiography proved a greater prevalence of macular neovascularization, the majority of which are non-exudative and develop in late disease stages. In conclusion, effective diagnosis, staging, and clinical management of BVMD will likely require a deep understanding of the multimodal imaging features of this disease.

SUBMITTER: Bianco L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10757402 | biostudies-literature | 2024 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Multimodal imaging in Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy: Literature review and novel insights.

Bianco Lorenzo L Arrigo Alessandro A Antropoli Alessio A Berni Alessandro A Saladino Andrea A Vilela Manuel Ap MA Mansour Ahmad M AM Bandello Francesco F Battaglia Parodi Maurizio M

European journal of ophthalmology 20230327 1

Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy (BVMD) is a dominantly inherited retinal disease caused by dominant variants in the <i>BEST1</i> gene. The original classification of BVMD is based on biomicroscopy and color fundus photography (CFP); however, advancements in retinal imaging provided unique structural, vascular, and functional data and novel insights on disease pathogenesis. Quantitative fundus autofluorescence studies informed us that lipofuscin accumulation, the hallmark of BVMD, is unlikely ...[more]

PMID: 36972471

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Project description:Demonstrating the utility of adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) to assess outer retinal structure in Best vitelliform macular dystrophy (BVMD).To characterize outer retinal structure in BVMD using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and AOSLO.Prospective, observational case series. Four symptomatic members of a family with BVMD with known BEST1 mutation were recruited at the Advanced Ocular Imaging Program research lab at the Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee.Thickness of 2 outer retinal layers corresponding to photoreceptor inner and outer segments was measured using SD-OCT. Photoreceptor mosaic AOSLO images within and around visible lesions were obtained, and cone density was assessed in 2 subjects.Photoreceptor structure.Each subject was at a different stage of BVMD, with photoreceptor disruption evident by AOSLO at all stages. When comparing SD-OCT and AOSLO images from the same location, AOSLO images allowed for direct assessment of photoreceptor structure. A variable degree of retained photoreceptors was seen within all lesions. The photoreceptor mosaic immediately adjacent to visible lesions appeared contiguous and was of normal density. Fine hyperreflective structures were visualized by AOSLO, and their anatomical orientation and size were consistent with Henle fibers.AND RELEVANCE: The AOSLO findings indicate that substantial photoreceptor structure persists within active lesions, accounting for good visual acuity in these patients. Despite previous reports of diffuse photoreceptor outer segment abnormalities in BVMD, our data reveal normal photoreceptor structure in areas adjacent to clinical lesions. This study demonstrates the utility of AOSLO for understanding the spectrum of cellular changes that occur in inherited degenerations such as BVMD. Photoreceptors are often significantly affected at various stages of inherited degenerations, and these changes may not be readily apparent with current clinical imaging instrumentation.

Project description:PurposeTo analyze fixation location and stability in best vitelliform macular dystrophy (BVMD) and test their association with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA).DesignObservational, cross-sectional study.ParticipantsThirty patients (55 eyes) affected by genetically confirmed BVMD were followed up at the Retinal Heredodystrophies Unit of IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan.MethodsPatients underwent testing with macular integrity assessment (MAIA) microperimeter. Fixation location was measured as distance in degrees (°) between preferred retinal locus (PRL) and estimated fovea location (EFL); fixation was defined as eccentric when the distance between PRL and EFL exceeded 2°. Fixation stability was graded as stable, relatively unstable, or unstable and expressed as bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA, °2).Main outcome measuresFixation location and stability.ResultsThe median distance of the PRL from the anatomic fovea was 0.7°, and fixation location was eccentric in 27% of eyes. Fixation was graded as stable in 64% of eyes, relatively unstable in 13%, and unstable in 24%, with a median 95% BCEA of 6.2°2. The atrophic/fibrotic stage was associated with worse fixation parameters (all P < 0.01). Both PRL eccentricity and fixation stability were linearly associated with BCVA: every 1° increase in PRL eccentricity was associated with a 0.07 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) worse BCVA (P < 0.0001) while every 1°2 increase in 95% BCEA was associated with a 0.01 logMAR worse BCVA (P < 0.001). No significant intereye correlation was found for PRL eccentricity and fixation stability, as well as no association between the patient's age and fixation parameters.ConclusionsWe demonstrated that most eyes affected by BVMD retain a central stable fixation and provided evidence that both fixation eccentricity and stability are strongly associated with visual acuity in BVMD. These parameters may serve as secondary end points for future clinical trials.Financial disclosuresProprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Dataset Information

Multimodal imaging in Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy: Literature review and novel insights.

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Multimodal imaging in Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy: Literature review and novel insights.

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