Dataset Information

Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia.

ABSTRACT: Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene^1-5. Here, to investigate the cross-continental effects of these migrations, we shotgun-sequenced 317 genomes-mainly from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods-from across northern and western Eurasia. These were imputed alongside published data to obtain diploid genotypes from more than 1,600 ancient humans. Our analyses revealed a 'great divide' genomic boundary extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were highly genetically differentiated east and west of this zone, and the effect of the neolithization was equally disparate. Large-scale ancestry shifts occurred in the west as farming was introduced, including near-total replacement of hunter-gatherers in many areas, whereas no substantial ancestry shifts happened east of the zone during the same period. Similarly, relatedness decreased in the west from the Neolithic transition onwards, whereas, east of the Urals, relatedness remained high until around 4,000 BP, consistent with the persistence of localized groups of hunter-gatherers. The boundary dissolved when Yamnaya-related ancestry spread across western Eurasia around 5,000 BP, resulting in a second major turnover that reached most parts of Europe within a 1,000-year span. The genetic origin and fate of the Yamnaya have remained elusive, but we show that hunter-gatherers from the Middle Don region contributed ancestry to them. Yamnaya groups later admixed with individuals associated with the Globular Amphora culture before expanding into Europe. Similar turnovers occurred in western Siberia, where we report new genomic data from a 'Neolithic steppe' cline spanning the Siberian forest steppe to Lake Baikal. These prehistoric migrations had profound and lasting effects on the genetic diversity of Eurasian populations.

SUBMITTER: Allentoft ME

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10781627 | biostudies-literature | 2024 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia.

Allentoft Morten E ME Sikora Martin M Refoyo-Martínez Alba A Irving-Pease Evan K EK Fischer Anders A Barrie William W Ingason Andrés A Stenderup Jesper J Sjögren Karl-Göran KG Pearson Alice A Sousa da Mota Bárbara B Schulz Paulsson Bettina B Halgren Alma A Macleod Ruairidh R Jørkov Marie Louise Schjellerup MLS Demeter Fabrice F Sørensen Lasse L Nielsen Poul Otto PO Henriksen Rasmus A RA Vimala Tharsika T McColl Hugh H Margaryan Ashot A Ilardo Melissa M Vaughn Andrew A Fischer Mortensen Morten M Nielsen Anne Birgitte AB Ulfeldt Hede Mikkel M Johannsen Niels Nørkjær NN Rasmussen Peter P Vinner Lasse L Renaud Gabriel G Stern Aaron A Jensen Theis Zetner Trolle TZT Scorrano Gabriele G Schroeder Hannes H Lysdahl Per P Ramsøe Abigail Daisy AD Skorobogatov Andrei A Schork Andrew Joseph AJ Rosengren Anders A Ruter Anthony A Outram Alan A Timoshenko Aleksey A AA Buzhilova Alexandra A Coppa Alfredo A Zubova Alisa A Silva Ana Maria AM Hansen Anders J AJ Gromov Andrey A Logvin Andrey A Gotfredsen Anne Birgitte AB Henning Nielsen Bjarne B González-Rabanal Borja B Lalueza-Fox Carles C McKenzie Catriona J CJ Gaunitz Charleen C Blasco Concepción C Liesau Corina C Martinez-Labarga Cristina C Pozdnyakov Dmitri V DV Cuenca-Solana David D Lordkipanidze David O DO En'shin Dmitri D Salazar-García Domingo C DC Price T Douglas TD Borić Dušan D Kostyleva Elena E Veselovskaya Elizaveta V EV Usmanova Emma R ER Cappellini Enrico E Brinch Petersen Erik E Kannegaard Esben E Radina Francesca F Eylem Yediay Fulya F Duday Henri H Gutiérrez-Zugasti Igor I Merts Ilya I Potekhina Inna I Shevnina Irina I Altinkaya Isin I Guilaine Jean J Hansen Jesper J Aura Tortosa Joan Emili JE Zilhão João J Vega Jorge J Buck Pedersen Kristoffer K Tunia Krzysztof K Zhao Lei L Mylnikova Liudmila N LN Larsson Lars L Metz Laure L Yepiskoposyan Levon L Pedersen Lisbeth L Sarti Lucia L Orlando Ludovic L Slimak Ludovic L Klassen Lutz L Blank Malou M González-Morales Manuel M Silvestrini Mara M Vretemark Maria M Nesterova Marina S MS Rykun Marina M Rolfo Mario Federico MF Szmyt Marzena M Przybyła Marcin M Calattini Mauro M Sablin Mikhail M Dobisíková Miluše M Meldgaard Morten M Johansen Morten M Berezina Natalia N Card Nick N Saveliev Nikolai A NA Poshekhonova Olga O Rickards Olga O Lozovskaya Olga V OV Gábor Olivér O Uldum Otto Christian OC Aurino Paola P Kosintsev Pavel P Courtaud Patrice P Ríos Patricia P Mortensen Peder P Lotz Per P Persson Per P Bangsgaard Pernille P de Barros Damgaard Peter P Vang Petersen Peter P Martinez Pilar Prieto PP Włodarczak Piotr P Smolyaninov Roman V RV Maring Rikke R Menduiña Roberto R Badalyan Ruben R Iversen Rune R Turin Ruslan R Vasilyev Sergey S Wåhlin Sidsel S Borutskaya Svetlana S Skochina Svetlana S Sørensen Søren Anker SA Andersen Søren H SH Jørgensen Thomas T Serikov Yuri B YB Molodin Vyacheslav I VI Smrcka Vaclav V Merts Victor V Appadurai Vivek V Moiseyev Vyacheslav V Magnusson Yvonne Y Kjær Kurt H KH Lynnerup Niels N Lawson Daniel J DJ Sudmant Peter H PH Rasmussen Simon S Korneliussen Thorfinn Sand TS Durbin Richard R Nielsen Rasmus R Delaneau Olivier O Werge Thomas T Racimo Fernando F Kristiansen Kristian K Willerslev Eske E

Nature 20240110 7994

Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene<sup>1-5</sup>. Here, to investigate the cross-continental effects of these migrations, we shotgun-sequenced 317 genomes-mainly from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods-from across northern and western Eurasia. These were imputed alongside published data to obtain diploid genotypes from more than 1,600 ancient humans. Our analyses revealed a 'great divide' genomic boundary extending from the Black Sea to the Balti ...[more]

PMID: 38200295

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Project description:Mongolia is located in a strategic position at the eastern edge of the Eurasian Steppe. Nomadic populations moved across this wide area for millennia before developing more sedentary communities, extended empires, and complex trading networks, which connected western Eurasia and eastern Asia until the late Medieval period. We provided a fine-grained portrait of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation observed in present-day Mongolians and capable of revealing gene flows and other demographic processes that took place in Inner Asia, as well as in western Eurasia. The analyses of a novel dataset (N = 2,420) of mtDNAs highlighted a clear matrilineal differentiation within the country due to a mixture of haplotypes with eastern Asian (EAs) and western Eurasian (WEu) origins, which were differentially lost and preserved. In a wider genetic context, the prevalent EAs contribution, larger in eastern and central Mongolian regions, revealed continuous connections with neighboring Asian populations until recent times, as attested by the geographically restricted haplotype-sharing likely facilitated by the Genghis Khan's so-called Pax Mongolica. The genetic history beyond the WEu haplogroups, notably detectable on both sides of Mongolia, was more difficult to explain. For this reason, we moved to the analysis of entire mitogenomes (N = 147). Although it was not completely possible to identify specific lineages that evolved in situ, two major changes in the effective (female) population size were reconstructed. The more recent one, which began during the late Pleistocene glacial period and became steeper in the early Holocene, was probably the outcome of demographic events connected to western Eurasia. The Neolithic growth could be easily explained by the diffusion of dairy pastoralism, as already proposed, while the late glacial increase indicates, for the first time, a genetic connection with western Eurasian refuges, as supported by the unusual high frequency and internal sub-structure in Mongolia of haplogroup H1, a well-known post-glacial marker in Europe. Bronze Age events, without a significant demographic impact, might explain the age of some mtDNA haplogroups. Finally, a diachronic comparison with available ancient mtDNAs made it possible to link six mitochondrial lineages of present-day Mongolians to the timeframe and geographic path of the Silk Route.

Dataset Information

Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia.

Publications

Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia.

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