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ACSS3 in brown fat drives propionate catabolism and its deficiency leads to autophagy and systemic metabolic dysfunction.

ABSTRACT: Propionate is a gut microbial metabolite that has been reported to have controversial effects on metabolic health. Here we show that propionate is activated by acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 3 (ACSS3), located on the mitochondrial inner membrane in brown adipocytes. Knockout of Acss3 gene (Acss3^-/- ) in mice reduces brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass but increases white adipose tissue (WAT) mass, leading to glucose intolerance and insulin resistance that are exacerbated by high-fat diet (HFD). Intriguingly, Acss3^-/- or HFD feeding significantly elevates propionate levels in BAT and serum, and propionate supplementation induces autophagy in cultured brown and white adipocytes. The elevated levels of propionate in Acss3^-/- mice similarly drive adipocyte autophagy, and pharmacological inhibition of autophagy using hydroxychloroquine ameliorates obesity, hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance of the Acss3^-/- mice. These results establish ACSS3 as the key enzyme for propionate metabolism and demonstrate that accumulation of propionate promotes obesity and Type 2 diabetes through triggering adipocyte autophagy.

SUBMITTER: Jia Z

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8858619 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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ACSS3 in brown fat drives propionate catabolism and its deficiency leads to autophagy and systemic metabolic dysfunction.

Jia Zhihao Z Chen Xiyue X Chen Jingjuan J Zhang Lijia L Oprescu Stephanie N SN Luo Nanjian N Xiong Yan Y Yue Feng F Kuang Shihuan S

Clinical and translational medicine 20220201 2

Propionate is a gut microbial metabolite that has been reported to have controversial effects on metabolic health. Here we show that propionate is activated by acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 3 (ACSS3), located on the mitochondrial inner membrane in brown adipocytes. Knockout of Acss3 gene (Acss3<sup>-/-</sup> ) in mice reduces brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass but increases white adipose tissue (WAT) mass, leading to glucose intolerance and insulin resistance that are exacerbated by ...[more]

PMID: 35184387

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Project description:Although macroautophagy/autophagy deficiency causes degenerative diseases, the deletion of essential autophagy genes in adipocytes paradoxically reduces body weight. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in body weight regulation and metabolic control. However, the key cellular mechanisms that maintain BAT function remain poorly understood. in this study, we showed that global or brown adipocyte-specific deletion of pink1, a Parkinson disease-related gene involved in selective mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), induced BAT dysfunction, and obesity-prone type in mice. Defective mitochondrial function is among the upstream signals that activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. NLRP3 was induced in brown adipocyte precursors (BAPs) from pink1 knockout (KO) mice. Unexpectedly, NLRP3 induction did not induce canonical inflammasome activity. Instead, NLRP3 induction led to the differentiation of pink1 KO BAPs into white-like adipocytes by increasing the expression of white adipocyte-specific genes and repressing the expression of brown adipocyte-specific genes. nlrp3 deletion in pink1 knockout mice reversed BAT dysfunction. Conversely, adipose tissue-specific atg7 KO mice showed significantly lower expression of Nlrp3 in their BAT. Overall, our data suggest that the role of mitophagy is different from general autophagy in regulating adipose tissue and whole-body energy metabolism. Our results uncovered a new mitochondria-NLRP3 pathway that induces BAT dysfunction. The ability of the nlrp3 knockouts to rescue BAT dysfunction suggests the transcriptional function of NLRP3 as an unexpected, but a quite specific therapeutic target for obesity-related metabolic diseases.Abbreviations: ACTB: actin, beta; BAPs: brown adipocyte precursors; BAT: brown adipose tissue; BMDMs: bone marrow-derived macrophages; CASP1: caspase 1; CEBPA: CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), alpha; ChIP: chromatin immunoprecipitation; EE: energy expenditure; HFD: high-fat diet; IL1B: interleukin 1 beta; ITT: insulin tolerance test; KO: knockout; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; NLRP3: NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; RD: regular diet; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RT: room temperature; UCP1: uncoupling protein 1 (mitochondrial, proton carrier); WT: wild-type.

Project description:AimsReduced left atrial PITX2 is associated with atrial cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation (AF). PITX2 is restricted to left atrial cardiomyocytes (aCMs) in the adult heart. The links between PITX2 deficiency, atrial cardiomyopathy, and AF are not fully understood.Methods and resultsTo identify mechanisms linking PITX2 deficiency to AF, we generated and characterized PITX2-deficient human aCMs derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) and their controls. PITX2-deficient hiPSC-derived atrial cardiomyocytes showed shorter and disorganized sarcomeres and increased mononucleation. Electron microscopy found an increased number of smaller mitochondria compared with isogenic controls. Mitochondrial protein expression was altered in PITX2-deficient hiPSC-derived atrial cardiomyocytes. Single-nuclear RNA-sequencing found differences in cellular respiration pathways and differentially expressed mitochondrial and ion channel genes in PITX2-deficient hiPSC-derived atrial cardiomyocytes. PITX2 repression in hiPSC-derived atrial cardiomyocytes replicated dysregulation of cellular respiration. Mitochondrial respiration was shifted to increased glycolysis in PITX2-deficient hiPSC-derived atrial cardiomyocytes. PITX2-deficient human hiPSC-derived atrial cardiomyocytes showed higher spontaneous beating rates. Action potential duration was more variable with an overall prolongation of early repolarization, consistent with metabolic defects. Gene expression analyses confirmed changes in mitochondrial genes in left atria from 42 patients with AF compared with 43 patients with sinus rhythm. Dysregulation of left atrial mitochondrial (COX7C) and metabolic (FOXO1) genes was associated with PITX2 expression in human left atria.ConclusionPITX2 deficiency causes atrial mitochondrial dysfunction and a metabolic shift to glycolysis in human aCMs. PITX2-dependent metabolic changes can contribute to the structural and functional defects found in PITX2-deficient atria.

Dataset Information

ACSS3 in brown fat drives propionate catabolism and its deficiency leads to autophagy and systemic metabolic dysfunction.

Publications

ACSS3 in brown fat drives propionate catabolism and its deficiency leads to autophagy and systemic metabolic dysfunction.

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