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Gene expression analisys of GD2+ cells from metastatic NB, unselected bone marrow from metastatic NB, primary tumors from stage 4 NB (alive and dead at 5 years of follow-up) and primary tumor from localized NB

ABSTRACT: Metastases in the bone marrow (BM) are grim prognostic factors in patients with neuroblastoma (NB). In spite of extensive analysis of primary tumor cells from high- and low-risk NB patients, a characterization of freshly isolated BM-infiltrating metastatic NB cells is still lacking. Our aim was to identify proteins specifically expressed by metastatic NB cells, that may be relevant for prognostic and therapeutic purposes. Metastatic NB cells were freshly isolated from patients’ BM by positive immunomagnetic bead manipulation using anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody. Unselected BM samples from patients with metastatic NB were also included. Gene expression profiles were compared with those obtained from archived NB primary tumors from patients with 5y-follow-up. After validation by RT-qPCR, expression/secretion of the proteins encoded by the up-regulated genes in the BM-infiltrating NB cells was evaluated by flow cytometry and ELISA. Compared to primary tumor cells, BM-infiltrating NB cells down-modulated the expression of CX3CL1, AGT, ATP1A2 mRNAs, whereas they up-regulated several genes commonly expressed by various lineages of BM resident cells. BM-infiltrating NB cells expressed indeed the proteins encoded by the top-ranked genes, S100A8 and A9 (calprotectin), CD177 and CD3, and secreted the CXCL7 chemokine. BM-infiltrating NB cells also expressed CD271 and HLA-G. We have identified proteins specifically expressed by BM-infiltrating NB cells. Among them, calprotectin, a potent inflammatory protein, and HLA-G, endowed with tolerogenic properties facilitating tumor escape from host immune response, may represent novel biomarkers and/or targets for therapeutic intervention in high-risk NB patients.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE112447 | GEO | 2018/03/29

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Neuroblastoma (NB) is a pediatric tumor with a heterogeneous presentation at diagnosis. Fifty per cent of patients present with localized disease (stage L1/L2) whereas the other half have metastatic disease (stage M), mainly involving the bone marrow (BM). In these latter patients the physical occupancy of the BM space by metastatic NB cells has been thought to be responsible for impairment of BM function. Here, based on gene expression profiles of BM resident cells obtained in a large number of stage L and stage M NB patients, as compared to gene expression profiles of BM resident cells from healthy subjects, we investigated whether the tumor growth, either at distance or locally, affected hematopoietic lineages' maturation and release of mature hematopoietic cells in the periphery (PB). Our investigation clearly demonstrated that in children with NB, regardless of the presence of metastatic cells in the BM, there was a selective impairment of erythrocyte maturation at the ortho-chromic stage. In the BM, all the other cell lineages were un-affected. The altered erythrocyte maturation resulted in a reduced amount, and increased RWD, of PB erythrocytes. In PB samples from patients with stage L disease a significant increase in the number of mature neutrophils was observed, suggesting that in these NB patients innate immunity was activated. No increase occurred in PB of stage M NB patients. Although the cause of the selective impairment of erythrocyte maturation, as well as that of the activation of innate immunity in stage L NB patients remained elusive, our observations allowed to fully refusing the tenet that BM-infiltrating NB cells affected physiological BM functions due to physical occupancy of the BM space. In addition, these findings open the way to a new area of research not only in NB and other clinically similar pediatric cancers, such as rhabdos and sarcomas, but also in adult cancers metastasizing in the BM. Looking more carefully to the BM microenvironment could help discovering novel targets for innovative therapeutic approaches.

Project description:Presence of BM-infiltrating neuroblastoma (NB) cells occurs in about 50% of patients affected by this peculiar pediatric cancer. Children aged more than 18 months at diagnosis with metastatic NB are high-risk patients with 25-30% overall survival at 5 years, despite multimodal aggressive therapy. Little is known about the metastatic process in NB patients. Hereby, we focused on miRNA expression profiles of BM-infiltrating as compared to those of primary NB tumors. For this purpose, we analyzed 22 BM-infiltrating NB cells, 22 primary NB tumors, and 4 paired BM-infiltrating and primary tumor specimens, all from patients with metastatic disease and aged > 18 months at diagnosis. Statistical analysis indicated that in human BM-infiltrating cells miR-659-3p was down-modulated as compared to primary tumors, in all sets of samples. Functional studies in HTLA and SH-SY5Y NB cell lines by miR-659-3p mimic and inhibitors demonstrated that miR-659-3p regulates the expression of the transcription factor CNOT1, that in turn regulates the expression of AU-rich element (ARE)-containing target genes AKT3, BCL2, THSB2 and CYR61, all belonging to the focal adhesion pathway. Indeed, CNOT1 expression was found significantly higher, whereas that of the ARE-containing target genes was significantly lower in BM-infiltrating cells than in primary tumors. Our findings about a role of the focal adhesion pathway, regulated by miR-659-3p through CNOT1, in NB metastatic process are intriguing for the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed to interrupt the metastatic process. To evaluate the effect of miR-659-3p up- and down-regulation on gene expression, HTLA-230 and SH-SY5Y cells were transfected with specific miR-659-3p mirVana™ mimic and inhibitor, respectively (Ambion, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA, catalog# MC and MH 11582). Samples transfected with mirVana™ miRNA Mimic Negative Control #1 and mirVana™ miRNA Inhibitor Negative Control #1 were used as reference conditions. Transfection was performed at 20 nM miRNA concentration in OptiMEM© medium (Sigma-Aldrich), using Lipofectamin RNAiMAX© (Life Technologies), according to manufacturer’s protocol. Cells were then cultured for 48 hours, checked for viability and processed for total mRNA and miRNA extraction, as described below. Transfection experiments were performed twice with similar results. HTLA-230 (kindly donated by Dr E. Bogenman, Los Angeles, USA) and SH-SY5Y (purchased from Banca Biologica and Cell Factory, Genoa, Italy) NB cell lines were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% heat inactivated FCS, 50 mg/ml streptomycin, 50 mg/ml penicillin and 2 mM glutamine (Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy). The HTLA-230 cells present MYCN amplification and SH-SY5Y cells have normal MYCN status. Both cell lines were checked for MYCN amplification, morphology, proliferation rate and mycoplasma contamination, after thawing and within four passages in culture. To evaluate the effect of miR-659-3p up- and down-regulation on gene expression, 1x106 HTLA-230 and SH-SY5Y cells were transfected with specific miR-659-3p mirVana™ mimic and inhibitor, respectively (Ambion, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA, catalog# MC and MH 11582). Samples transfected with mirVana™ miRNA Mimic Negative Control #1 and mirVana™ miRNA Inhibitor Negative Control #1 were used as reference conditions. Transfection was performed at 20 nM miRNA concentration in OptiMEM© medium (Sigma-Aldrich), using Lipofectamin RNAiMAX© (Life Technologies), according to manufacturer’s protocol. Cells were then cultured for 48 hours, checked for viability and processed for total mRNA and miRNA extraction, as described below. Transfection experiments were performed twice with similar results.

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Gene expression analisys of GD2+ cells from metastatic NB, unselected bone marrow from metastatic NB, primary tumors from stage 4 NB (alive and dead at 5 years of follow-up) and primary tumor from localized NB

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