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Morphine alleviates pain after heart cryonjury in zebrafish without impeding regeneration

ABSTRACT: Nociceptive response belongs to a basic animal behavior facilitating adaptability and survival upon external or internal stimuli. Fish, similarly to higher vertebrates, also possess nociceptive machinery. Current protocols involving procedures performed on adult zebrafish including heart cryoinjury do not, however, take into account the adverse effects including pain that may potentially arise from these methodologies. Here, we assess the effect of two analgesics, lidocaine and morphine, followed after the heart cryoinjury in zebrafish. Monitoring swimming behaviour together with histology and gene expression analysis at the single cell level using scRNA sequencing and RNAscope fluorescent in situ hybridization technology, we show morphine, but not lidocaine, significantly improves animal welfare 6 hours post-cryoinjury, without impairing heart regeneration process. Altogether, morphine should be considered as the analgesic of choice to reduce post-surgical pain in adult zebrafish.

ORGANISM(S): Danio rerio

PROVIDER: GSE158919 | GEO | 2022/05/06

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Opioids analgesics are frequently prescribed in the United States and worldwide. However, serious side effects such as addiction, immunosuppression and gastrointestinal symptoms limit their use. It has been recently demonstrated that morphine treatment results in significant disruption in gut barrier function leading to increased translocation of gut commensal bacteria. Further study indicated distinct alterations in the gut microbiome and metabolome following morphine treatment, contributing to the negative consequences associated with opioid use. However, it is unclear how opioids modulate gut homeostasis in the context of a hospital acquired bacterial infection. In the current study, a mouse model of C. rodentium infection was used to investigate the role of morphine in the modulation of gut homeostasis in the context of a hospital acquired bacterial infection. Citrobacter rodentium is a natural mouse pathogen that models intestinal infection by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and causes attaching and effacing lesions and colonic hyperplasia. Morphine treatment resulted in 1) the promotion of C. rodentium systemic dissemination, 2) increase in virulence factors expression with C. rodentium colonization in intestinal contents, 3) altered gut microbiome, 4) damaged integrity of gut epithelial barrier function, 5) inhibition of C. rodentium-induced increase in goblet cells, and 6) dysregulated IL-17A immune response. This is the first study to demonstrate that morphine promotes pathogen dissemination in the context of intestinal C. rodentium infection, indicating morphine modulates virulence factor-mediated adhesion of pathogenic bacteria and induces disruption of mucosal host defense during C. rodentium intestinal infection in mice. This study demonstrates and further validates a positive correlation between opioid drug use/abuse and increased risk of infections, suggesting over-prescription of opioids may increase the risk in the emergence of pathogenic strains and should be used cautiously. Therapeutics directed at maintaining gut homeostasis during opioid use may reduce the comorbidities associated with opioid use for pain management.

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Morphine alleviates pain after heart cryonjury in zebrafish without impeding regeneration

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