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DNMT1 Maintains Progenitor Function in Self-Renewing Somatic Tissue

ABSTRACT: Progenitor cells maintain self-renewing tissues throughout life by sustaining their capacity for proliferation while suppressing cell cycle exit and terminal differentiation. DNA methylation provides a potential epigenetic mechanism for the cellular memory needed to preserve the somatic progenitor state through repeated cell divisions. DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) maintains DNA methylation patterns after cellular replication. Although dispensable for embryonic stem cell maintenance, a clear role for DNMT1 in maintaining the progenitor state in constantly replenished somatic tissues, such as mammalian epidermis, is uncharacterized. Here we show that DNMT1 is essential for supporting epidermal progenitor cell function. DNMT1 protein was found enriched in undifferentiated cells, where it was required to retain proliferative stamina and suppress differentiation. In tissue, DNMT1 depletion led to exit from the progenitor cell compartment, premature differentiation and eventual tissue loss. These effects correlated with DNA methylation as genome-wide analysis revealed that a significant portion of epidermal differentiation gene promoters were methylated in self-renewing conditions but were subsequently demethylated during differentiation.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE18590 | GEO | 2009/11/12

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA120305

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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DNMT1 Maintains Progenitor Function in Self-Renewing Somatic Tissue

Project description:Progenitor cells maintain self-renewing tissues throughout life by sustaining their capacity for proliferation while suppressing cell cycle exit and terminal differentiation. DNA methylation provides a potential epigenetic mechanism for the cellular memory needed to preserve the somatic progenitor state through repeated cell divisions. DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) maintains DNA methylation patterns after cellular replication. Although dispensable for embryonic stem cell maintenance, a clear role for DNMT1 in maintaining the progenitor state in constantly replenished somatic tissues, such as mammalian epidermis, is uncharacterized. Here we show that DNMT1 is essential for supporting epidermal progenitor cell function. DNMT1 protein was found enriched in undifferentiated cells, where it was required to retain proliferative stamina and suppress differentiation. In tissue, DNMT1 depletion led to exit from the progenitor cell compartment, premature differentiation and eventual tissue loss. These effects correlated with DNA methylation as genome-wide analysis revealed that a significant portion of epidermal differentiation gene promoters were methylated in self-renewing conditions but were subsequently demethylated during differentiation. Gene expression analysis: To establish a differentiation signature for primary human keratinocytes, total RNA was isolated in biologic duplicate from cells cultured in growth conditions and high calcium differentiation conditions and hybridized to Affymetrix HG-U133 2.0 Plus arrays. This gene signature was also compared to DNMT1 deficient cells cultured in growth conditions. Methylated DNA profiling: To globally characterize DNA methylation in primary human keratinocytes, genomic DNA was immunoprecipitated using a 5-methylcytidine antibody, amplified, and hybridized to NimbleGen HG18 promoter tiling arrays. Profiling was done using DNA isolated in growth conditions as well as differentiation conditions.

2010-06-23 | E-GEOD-18590 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Activation of neuronal genes via LINE-1 elements upon global DNA demethylation in human neural progenitors

Project description:DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification that is thought to contribute to the maintenance of genomic integrity in somatic cells, in part through the silencing of transposable elements (TEs). In this study we used CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene editing to disrupt DNMT1, the key maintenance methyltransferase in somatic human cells. Surprisingly, and in contrast to findings in mouse, inactivation of DNMT1 in human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) resulted in viable proliferating cells that maintained the expression of appropriate marker genes. Removal of DNA methylation in hNPCs resulted in a specific activation of hominid-specific LINE-1 elements (L1s), while other classes of TEs remained silent. We also found that the transcriptionally activated L1s acted as alternative promoters for many protein-coding genes involved in neuronal functions, uncovering an L1-based transcriptional network influencing neuronal protein-coding genes. Our results prove novel mechanistic insight into the role of DNA methylation in somatic human cells.

2019-05-30 | PXD008648 | Pride

Homo sapiens

Project description:DNMT1 Maintains Progenitor Function in Self-Renewing Somatic Tissue

| PRJNA120305 | ENA

Genome-wide DNA methylation maps of mouse embryonic fibroblasts and reprogramming cells modulated by cell cycle and Dnmt1 expression

Project description:Dramatic change in DNA methylation patterns and levels both globally and/or locus-specifically is associated with the process of cell linage specification and somatic reprogramming. We found the expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) is tightly regulated by the features of cell cycle, which we referred as cell cycle-directed Dnmt1 expression adjustment. To further investigate how DNA methylation is affected by this mechanism, we applied reduced representation bisulphate sequencing (RRBS) to map genome-wide DNA methylation on mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). To characterize how this mechanism affects somatic reprogramming, samples of MEFs induced by Yamanaka factors (Sox2, Klf4, Oct4, cMyc) was included. The cell cycle was accelerated by shRNA targeted to p53, and the expression of Dnmt1 was manipulated genetically. We find 5mC level remains constant in regardless of cell proliferation rate, a result from the adjusted expression of Dnmt1. However, repressed expression of Dnmt1 in fast-proliferating cells results in global DNA demethylation. The patterns of DNA methylation and demethylation affected by this mechanism is sensitive to CpG densities. Generally, the results demonstrate cell cycle-directed Dnmt1 expression adjustment as an mechanism for the insurance of the stability of genomic 5mC inheritance.

2017-10-13 | GSE93058 | GEO

DNA methylation regulates nephron progenitor cell renewal and differentiation

Project description:Nephron number is a major determinant of long-term renal function. We hypothesized a link between epigenetic regulation and nephron formation. In support of this hypothesis, expression analysis evidenced high levels of DNA methyltransferases Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a in the nephrogenic zone of the developing mouse kidney. Using targeted loss-of-function manipulations in mice, we show that deletion of Dnmt1 in nephron progenitor cells results in a marked hypoplasia and reduction of nephron number at birth. In contrast, deletion of Dnmt3a/3b in nephron progenitor cells or deletion of Dnmt1/3a/3b in differentiated renal cells did not lead to any overt kidney phenotype. Whole mount optical projection tomography and 3D-reconstructions uncovered a significant reduction of stem cell niches and progenitor cells in Dnmt1-deficient mice. Ultimately, RNA sequencing analysis revealed that Dnmt1 controls DNA transcription regulating progenitor renewal, identity and differentiation. In summary, this study establishes DNA methylation as key regulatory event of prenatal renal programming.

2019-11-15 | GSE94089 | GEO

Activation of neuronal genes via LINE-1 elements upon global DNA demethylation in human neural progenitors

Project description:DNA methylation is thought to contribute to the maintenance of genomic integrity in somatic cells, in part through the silencing of transposable elements (TEs). In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to delete DNMT1, the key maintenance DNA methyltransferase in human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs). Surprisingly, and in contrast to previous findings in mouse somatic cells, inactivation of DNMT1 in hNPCs resulted in viable proliferating cells despite the global loss of DNA CpG-methylation. DNA demethylation led to specific transcriptional activation and chromatin remodeling of evolutionarily young, hominoid-specific LINE-1 elements (L1s), while older L1s and other classes of TEs remained silent. The activated L1s acted as alternative promoters for many protein-coding genes involved in neuronal functions, revealing a hominoidspecific L1-based transcriptional network controlled by DNA methylation that influences neuronal protein-coding genes. Our results give a novel mechanistic insight into the role of DNA methylation in silencing TEs in somatic human cells, as well as further implicating L1s in human brain development and disease.

2019-05-29 | GSE107580 | GEO

Targeted disruption of DNMT1, 3A and 3B in human embryonic stem cells [DNMT1]

Project description:DNA methylation is a key epigenetic modification involved in regulating gene expression and maintaining genomic integrity. Somatic patterns of DNA methylation are largely static, apart from focal dynamics at gene regulatory elements. To further advance our understanding of the role of DNA methylation in human development and disease, we inactivated all three catalytically active DNA methyltransferases in human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Disruption of DNMT3A or DNMT3B individually, as well as of both enzymes in tandem, creates viable, pluripotent cell lines with distinct effects on their DNA methylation landscape as assessed by whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. Surprisingly, in contrast to mouse, deletion of DNMT1 resulted in rapid cell death in human ESCs. To overcome the immediate lethality, we generated a doxycycline (DOX) responsive tTA-DNMT1* rescue line and readily obtained homozygous DNMT1 mutant lines. However, DOX-mediated repression of the exogenous DNMT1* initiates rapid, global loss of DNA methylation, followed by extensive cell death, demonstrating that DNA methylation is essential for human ESCs cultured in standard conditions. In summary, our data provide a comprehensive characterization of DNMT mutant ESCs, including single base genome-wide maps of their targets. RRBS methylation profiling of a time course of DNMT1* withdrawal in human ES cells

2015-03-30 | E-GEOD-63279 | biostudies-arrayexpress

DNMT1 IP-MS alalysis to identify ubiquitin-dependent interacting partners

Project description:Stable inheritance of DNA methylation is critical for maintaining the differentiated phenotypes in multicellular organisms. However, the molecular basis ensuring high fidelity of maintenance DNA methylation is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that two distinct modes of DNMT1 recruitment, one is DNA replication-coupled and the other is uncoupled mechanism, regulate the stable inheritance of DNA methylation. PCNA-associated factor 15 (PAF15) represents a primary target of UHRF1 and undergoes dual mono-ubiquitylation (PAF15Ub2) on chromatin. PAF15Ub2 specifically interacts with DNMT1 and controls the recruitment of DNMT1 in a DNA replication-coupled manner. Thus, loss of PAF15Ub2 results in impaired DNA methylation at sites replicating during early S phase. In contrast, outside of S phase or when PAF15 ubiquitylation is perturbed, UHRF1 ubiquitylates histone H3 to promote DNMT1 recruitment. Together, we identify replication-coupled and uncoupled mechanisms of maintenance DNA methylation, both of which collaboratively ensure the stable DNA methylation.

2020-02-25 | PXD015282 | Pride

Expression data for conditional Dnmt1knockout hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells

Project description:DNA methylation is essential for mammalian development and plays crucial roles in a variety of biological processes. The DNA methyltransferase Dnmt1 serves to maintain parental cell methylation patterns on daughter DNA strands in mitotic cells, however, the precise role of Dnmt1 in regulation of quiescent adult stem cells is not known. To examine the role of Dnmt1 in adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), we conditionally disrupted Dnmt1 in the hematopoietic system. We used microarrays to profile the global gene expression program in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells following deletion of Dnmt1.

2009-11-17 | GSE15840 | GEO

Comparison of bulk RNAseq results of WT and TKO E14 NPCs

Project description:We investigate the impact of DNA methylation on neural somatic differentiation. To this end, we used in vitro neural progenitor cell (NPC) differentiation on WT and DNA-methylation free TKO murine ESCs. We next performed bulk RNAseq at D0, D2, D4, D6 and D8 of differentiation to study transcriptomic differences.

2023-10-09 | GSE214460 | GEO

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