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Diversity of Cortical Progenitors Directs Neuronal Layer Formation and Regional Glial Patterning

ABSTRACT: How distinct cortical progenitor types and their temporal differences influence neuronal and glial development remains a key question in neurobiology. While Radial Glial Cells (RGCs) are well-established as Neural Progenitors (NPCs), NG2+NPCs have emerged as contributors with unique characteristics. Here, we combined in utero electroporation, lineage tracing and transcriptomic profiling to compare lineage outputs of NG2+ and GFAP+NPCs in the developing mouse cortex. Both generate neurons and glia, but with partially distinct patterns in lineage output, spatial distribution, and fate bias. NG2+NPCs undergo an early neurogenic phase followed by glial differentiation, producing glia with laminar distribution biases. In contrast, GFAP+NPCs sustain neurogenesis longer, producing a broader range of neurons and more constant glia during development. Our findings highlight the contribution of progenitor identity and temporal differences to distinct, partially overlapping lineage trajectories, supporting a model in which fate potential and timing co-regulate the spatial and laminar organization of cortical cell types.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE319368 | GEO | 2026/02/12

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:GFAP and vimentin deficiency alters gene expression in astrocytes and microglia in wild-type mice and changes the transcriptional response of reactive glia in mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. Reactive astrocytes with an increased expression of intermediate filament (IF) proteins Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and Vimentin (VIM) surround amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The functional consequences of this upregulation are unclear. To identify molecular pathways coupled to IF regulation in reactive astrocytes, and to study the interaction with microglia, we examined WT and APPswe/PS1dE9 (AD) mice lacking either GFAP, or both VIM and GFAP, and determined the transcriptome of cortical astrocytes and microglia from 15- to 18-month-old mice. Genes involved in lysosomal degradation (including several cathepsins) and in inflammatory response (including Cxcl5, Tlr6, Tnf, Il1b) exhibited a higher AD-induced increase when GFAP, or VIM and GFAP, were absent. The expression of Aqp4 and Gja1 displayed the same pattern. The downregulation of neuronal support genes in astrocytes from AD mice was absent in GFAP/VIM null mice. In contrast, the absence of IFs did not affect the transcriptional alterations induced by AD in microglia, nor was the cortical plaque load altered. Visualizing astrocyte morphology in GFAP-eGFP mice showed no clear structural differences in GFAP/VIM null mice, but did show diminished interaction of astrocyte processes with plaques. Microglial proliferation increased similarly in all AD groups. In conclusion, absence of GFAP, or both GFAP and VIM, alters AD-induced changes in gene expression profile of astrocytes, showing a compensation of the decrease of neuronal support genes and a trend for a slightly higher inflammatory expression profile. However, this has no consequences for the development of plaque load, microglial proliferation, or microglial activation. 2 cell types from 6 conditions: cortical microglia and cortical astrocytes from 15-18 month old APPswe/PS1dE9 mice compared to wildtype littermates. Biological replicates: microglia from APPswe/PS1dE9, N=7, microglia from WT, N=7, astrocytes from APPswe/PS1dE9, N=4, microglia from WT, N=4

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Diversity of Cortical Progenitors Directs Neuronal Layer Formation and Regional Glial Patterning

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