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Boldine Attenuates Mechanical Allodynia and Mitigates Transcriptomic Changes in a Mouse Model of Chronic Constriction Injury

ABSTRACT: Background: Neuropathic pain is a complex, chronic condition affecting 7% to 10% of the general population. Current neuropathic pain treatments fail to provide adequate relief in at least ~40% of patients and are usually accompanied by side effects that are sometimes severe. In this study, we investigated the effect of boldine, a natural occurring alkaloid, in attenuating peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain symptoms and transcriptomic changes. Methods: Male C57BL6 mice were subjected to chronic constriction injury (CCI) to the sciatic nerve. Customized chow containing boldine or control chow was administered right after surgery. Mechanical pain responses were assessed by Von Frey filament test. Spontaneous pain-like weight bearing behavior was measured using the dynamic weight bearing system. Spinal cords were collected at 15 days post injury and subjected to quantitative PCR and bulk RNA sequencing. Results: CCI led to ipsilateral hypersensitivity of mechanical pain responses and weight bearing deficits including reduced rearing duration, ipsilateral/contralateral weight support ratio, and ipsilateral hind paw posed duration. Boldine treatment substantially attenuated CCI-induced mechanical allodynia, but not the weight bearing deficits. Gene expression analysis showed that boldine inhibited CCI-induced upregulation of inflammatory markers in the spinal cord. RNA sequencing analysis revealed several pain-related canonical pathways and upstream factors after CCI, and boldine treatment markedly reversed these CCI-induced transcriptomic changes. Conclusions: In a mouse model of CCI, oral administration of boldine reduced nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia and counter-regulated injury-associated transcriptomic changes in the spinal cord, possibly through regulating inflammation and immune responses.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE344718 | GEO | 2026/08/26

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Peripheral nerve injury alters the expression of hundreds of proteins in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Targeting some of these proteins has led to successful treatments for acute pain, but not for sustained postoperative neuropathic pain. The latter may require targeting multiple proteins. Since a single microRNA (miR) can affect the expression of multiple proteins, here, we describe an approach to identify chronic neuropathic pain-relevant miRs. We used two variants of the spared nerve injury (SNI): Sural-SNI and Tibial-SNI and found distinct pain phenotypes between the two. Both models induced strong mechanical allodynia, but only Sural-SNI rats maintained strong mechanical and cold allodynia, as previously reported. In contrast, we found that Tibial-SNI rats recovered from mechanical allodynia and never developed cold allodynia. Since both models involve nerve injury, we increased the probability of identifying differentially regulated miRs that correlated with the quality and magnitude of neuropathic pain and decreased the probability of detecting miRs that are solely involved in neuronal regeneration. We found seven such miRs in L3-L5 DRG. The expression of these miRs increased in Tibial-SNI. These miRs displayed a lower level of expression in Sural-SNI, with four having levels lower than those in sham animals. Bioinformatics analysis of how these miRs could affect the expression of some ion channels supports the view that, following a peripheral nerve injury, the increase of the 7 miRs may contribute to the recovery from neuropathic pain while the decrease of four of them may contribute to the development of chronic neuropathic pain. The approach used resulted in the identification of a small number of potentially neuropathic pain relevant miRs. Additional studies are required to investigate whether manipulating the expression of the identified miRs in primary sensory neurons can prevent or ameliorate chronic neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injuries. To identify the miRs that were differentially dysregulated between Tibial-SNI and Sural-SNI, we first performed 12 microarrays in a limited number of samples (in four individual DRGs per group: Sham, Tibial-SNI and Sural-SNI; two L3-DRG and two L4-DRG). Then, miRs identified as having differential expression were corroborated with real time qRT-PCR in RNA isolated from individual DRGs (L3, L4 and L5) derived from 4 rats per group (not presented here, but in the manuscript).

Project description:Not all patients with nerve injury develop neuropathic pain. The extent of nerve damage and age at the time of injury are two of the few risk factors identified to date. In addition, preclinical studies show that neuropathic pain variance is heritable. To define such factors further, we performed a large-scale gene profiling experiment which plotted global expression changes in the rat dorsal root ganglion in three peripheral neuropathic pain models. This resulted in the discovery that the potassium channel alpha subunit KCNS1, involved in neuronal excitability, is constitutively expressed in sensory neurons and markedly downregulated following nerve injury. KCNS1 was then characterized by an unbiased network analysis as a putative pain gene, a result confirmed by single nucleotide polymorphism association studies in humans. A common amino acid changing allele, the 'valine risk allele', was significantly associated with higher pain scores in five of six independent patient cohorts assayed (total of 1359 subjects). Risk allele prevalence is high, with 18-22% of the population homozygous, and an additional 50% heterozygous. At lower levels of nerve damage (lumbar back pain with disc herniation) association with greater pain outcome in homozygote patients is P = 0.003, increasing to P = 0.0001 for higher levels of nerve injury (limb amputation). The combined P-value for pain association in all six cohorts tested is 1.14 E-08. The risk profile of this marker is additive: two copies confer the most, one intermediate and none the least risk. Relative degrees of enhanced risk vary between cohorts, but for patients with lumbar back pain, they range between 2- and 3-fold. Although work still remains to define the potential role of this protein in the pathogenic process, here we present the KCNS1 allele rs734784 as one of the first prognostic indicators of chronic pain risk. Screening for this allele could help define those individuals prone to a transition to persistent pain, and thus requiring therapeutic strategies or lifestyle changes that minimize nerve injury. Microarrays were run on mRNA extracted from adult rat L4 and L5 DRGs cells after 3,7,21,40 hours after three different sciatic nerve lesions [Spared Nerve Injury (SNI); Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI); Spinal Nerve Ligation (Ch) with Sham controls (SH)].

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Boldine Attenuates Mechanical Allodynia and Mitigates Transcriptomic Changes in a Mouse Model of Chronic Constriction Injury

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