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Developmentally regulated piRNA clusters implicate MILI in transposon control

ABSTRACT: Nearly half of the mammalian genome is composed of repeated sequences. In Drosophila, PIWI proteins exert control over transposons. However, mammalian PIWI proteins, Miwi and Mili, partner with piRNAs that are depleted of repeat sequences, raising questions about a role for mammalian PIWIs in transposon control. A search for murine small RNAs that might program PIWI proteins for transposon suppression revealed developmentally regulated piRNA loci, some of which resemble transposon master control loci of Drosophila. We also find evidence of an adaptive amplification loop in which PIWI catalyzes formation of piRNA 5’ ends. Mili mutants de-repress L1 and IAP and lose DNA methylation of L1 elements, demonstrating an evolutionarily conserved role for PIWI proteins in transposon suppression. Keywords: small RNA profile, piRNA

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE7414 | GEO | 2007/04/20

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA100385

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Profiling of Mili and Miwi2 associated piRNAs in WT, MiliDAH, Miwi2DAH and Miwi2KO from E16.5 gonadocytes.

Project description:Piwi proteins and piRNAs have conserved functions in transposonM- silencing. The murine Piwi proteins Mili and Miwi2 direct epigeneticM- LINE1 (L1) and intracisternal A particle (IAP) transposon silencingM- during genome reprogramming in the embryonic male germline. PiwiM- proteins are proposed to be piRNA-guided endonucleases that initiateM- secondary piRNA biogenesis . However the actual contribution of theirM- endonuclease activities to piRNA biogenesis and transposon silencingM- remain unknown. To investigate the role of Piwi-catalyzedM- endonucleolytic activity, we engineered point mutations in the mouseM- that substitute the second D to an A in the catalytic triad (DDH) ofM- Mili and Miwi2, generating the MiliDAH and Miwi2DAH alleles,M- M- respectively. Analysis of Mili-bound piRNAs from homozygous MiliDAHM- fetal gonadocytes revealed the failure of transposon piRNA amplification resulting in the stark reduction of piRNA bound withinM- Miwi2 ribonuclear particles (RNPs). We find that Mili-mediated piRNA amplification is selectively required for L1 but not IAP silencing.M- The defective piRNA pathway in MiliDAH mice results in spermatogenic failure and sterility. Surprisingly, homozygous Miwi2DAH mice areM- fertile, transposon silencing is established normally and no defectsM- in secondary piRNA biogenesis are observed. In addition, the hallmarks of piRNA amplification are observed in Miwi2-deficient gonadocytes. WeM- conclude that cycles of intra-Mili secondary piRNA biogenesis fuelM- piRNA amplification that is selectively required for L1 silencing.M-

2011-10-28 | E-MTAB-730 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Loss of the Mili-interacting Tdrd1 activates transposons and alters Mili-associated small RNA profile

Project description:Piwi proteins and their associated Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are implicated in transposon silencing in the murine germline. There is currently little information on additional proteins in the murine Piwi complex and how they might regulate the entry of transcripts that accumulate as piRNAs in the Piwi ribonucleoprotein (piRNP). We isolated Mili-containing complexes from adult mouse testes and identified Tudor domain-containing protein 1 (Tdrd1) as a factor specifically associated with the Mili piRNP throughout spermatogenesis. Complex formation is promoted by the recognition of symmetrically dimethylated arginines at the N-terminus of Mili by the Tudor domains of Tdrd1. Similar to a Mili mutant, mice lacking Tdrd1 show derepression of L1 transposons accompanied by a loss of DNA methylation of their regulatory elements, and delocalization of Miwi2 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Finally, we show that Mili piRNPs devoid of Tdrd1 accept the entry of abundant cellular transcripts into the piRNA pathway and accumulate piRNAs with a profile that is drastically different from the wild-type. Our data suggests that Mili recruits Tdrd1 to ensure only the entry of transcripts that contribute to its normal piRNA pool.

2009-05-24 | GSE16023 | GEO

Loss of the Mili-interacting Tdrd1 activates transposons and alters Mili-associated small RNA profile

2009-05-24 | E-GEOD-16023 | biostudies-arrayexpress

A MILI-independent piRNA biogenesis pathway empowers partial germline reprogramming.

Project description:In mice, the PIWI-piRNA pathway is essential to re-establish transposon silencing during male germline reprogramming. The cytoplasmic PIWI protein MILI mediates piRNA-guided transposon RNA cleavage as well as piRNA amplification. MIWI2-bound piRNAs and its nuclear localization are proposed to be dependent upon MILI function. Here, we demonstrate the existence of a piRNA biogenesis pathway that in the absence of MILI that sustains partial MIWI2 function and reprogramming activity.

2017-04-25 | E-MTAB-5561 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Target RNA repertoire of mouse Mili and Miwi proteins reveals piRNA biogenesis and Miwi function in spermiogenesis [HITS-CLIP]

Project description:Germ cells employ elaborate mechanisms to maintain and protect their genetic material, and also to regulate gene expression during the complex differentiation process of gametogenesis. Piwi proteins, a subclade of the Argonaute family, are expressed mainly in the germline and bind piRNAs, a novel and diverse class of small RNAs whose biogenesis and putative functions are still largely elusive. We employed High Throughput Sequencing after Crosslinking and Immunoprecipitation (HITS-CLIP) coupled with RNA-Seq to characterize the genome-wide target RNA repertoire of Mili and Miwi, two mouse Piwi proteins. Our analysis outlines a model for primary piRNA biogenesis in postnatal mouse and indicates that piRNAs do not mediate target RNA recognition, but rather are the end products of RNA processing. Moreover, we identify a set of mRNAs essential for spermiogenesis that are bound and regulated by Miwi, directly implicating Piwi proteins in the control of gene expression at key time points of spermiogenesis. HITS-CLIP (High Throughput Sequencing after Crosslinking and Immunoprecipitation) experiments targeting two mouse Piwi proteins Mili and Miwi.

2012-07-19 | E-GEOD-27622 | biostudies-arrayexpress

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MIWI2 and MILI have differential effects on piRNA biogenesis and DNA methylation

Project description:In developing male germ cells, prospermatogonia, two Piwi proteins, MILI and MIWI2, use piRNA guides to repress transposable element (TE) expression and ensure genome stability and proper gametogenesis. In addition to their roles in post-transcriptional TE repression, both proteins are required for DNA methylation of TE sequences. Here we analyzed the effect of Miwi2 deficiency on piRNA biogenesis and transposon repression. Miwi2-deficiency had only a minor impact on piRNA biogenesis; however, the piRNA profile of Miwi2-knockout mice indicated overexpression of several LINE1 TE families that led to activation of the ping-pong piRNA cycle. Furthermore, we found that MILI and MIWI2 have distinct functions in TE repression in the nucleus. MILI is responsible for DNA methylation of a larger subset of TE families than MIWI2 suggesting that the proteins have independent roles in establishing DNA methylation patterns. Small RNA profiles (19-30 nt range) of embryonic (E16.5) and post-natal (P10) testis of Miwi2 mutant mice and matched heterozygote controls. mRNA profiles of embryonic testis (E16.5) of heterozygote control mice and of postnatal testis (P10) of Miwi2 and Mili mutants and heterozygote controls. CpG methylation BS-seq profile of postnatal (P10) spermatocytes of Miwi2 mutant mice and matched heterozygote controls.

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Target RNA repertoire of mouse Mili and Miwi proteins reveals piRNA biogenesis and Miwi function in spermiogenesis [HITS-CLIP]

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Target RNA repertoire of mouse Mili and Miwi proteins reveals piRNA biogenesis and Miwi function in spermiogenesis [RNA-Seq]

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