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APOBEC3G-regulated host factors interfere with measles virus replication: role of REDD1 and KDELR2

ABSTRACT: Classically, the cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G (A3G) exerts antiviral activity against transposable elements, retroviruses, and hepatitis B virus. However, we found earlier, that it also inhibits measles (MV), mumps (MuV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), but the mechanism of inhibition remained unclear. Because A3G is present in RNA processing (P) bodies, where it is involved in the regulation of mRNA decay, we supposed that it may influence the expression of host cell factors, some of which may affect viral replication. Using a microarray we therefore assessed in Vero cells whether A3G expression influences the cellular gene expression. We found alterations indicating 844 up-regulated and 598 down-regulated transcripts (adjusted P values < 0.05). Of these trancripts 19 were up-regulated and 23 down-regulated by a factor of > 2. One of the down-regulated factors, MOSC2, appeared to support MV replication, since shRNA-mediated MOSC2 knock down reduced MV replication. In addition, two up-regulated factors, REDD1 and KDELR2, impaired MV replication when over-expressed in VeroREDD1 is a cellular inhibitor of mTORC1, a regulator of cellular homeostasis controlling cell growth and protein synthesis. Rapamycin also reduced MV replication confirming our findings with REDD1. The KDELR2 retains chaperons in the ER, which are required for proper folding and transport of MV glycoproteins to the cell surface, and thereby reduces MV glycoprotein expression at the cell surface, syncytium formation, and the formation of infectious virus.

ORGANISM(S): Chlorocebus sabaeus Macaca mulatta

PROVIDER: GSE85102 | GEO | 2018/06/18

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Even though cutaneous atrophy is the major adverse effect of topical glucocorticoids, its molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. We found that glucocorticoids strongly increased the expression of REDD1 (regulated in development and DNA damage response 1), a stress-inducible inhibitor of mTOR, in mouse and human epidermis. We found that REDD1 knockout animals are partially resistant to glucocorticoid-induced epidermal and subcutaneous adipose atrophy which correlated with the protection of CD34+ follicular epithelial stem cells as well as p63+ keratinocyte progenitors in REDD1 knockout epidermis during chronic steroid treatment. At the same time, REDD1 knockout did not affect anti- inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids, as evaluated by ear edema test. Expression profiling revealed that ~ 50% of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) target genes were not activated in epidermis of REDD1 knockouts, however, the negative effect of glucocorticoids on gene expression was similar to that in w.t. animals. Overall, our findings reveal a novel pathway in GR activation by its target gene/protein REDD1; and indicate an important role of REDD1 in glucocorticoid-induced skin atrophy, and maintenance of the epidermis and subcutaneous adipose. In addition, our findings form the foundation for the development of safer topical glucocorticoid treatment regimens by combining this therapy with REDD1 inhibitors. Seven wk old B6D2 females in the telogen stage of the hair cycle were shaved, and treated 3 days later. Glucocorticoid FA was applied topically (2 ug/animal) in 200 ul acetone to the back skin once or up to four applications every third day as described previously (Chebotaev et al., 2007b). Control animals were treated with acetone only. Skin was harvested 24 h after last FA application or 4-8 h after single FA application as indicated in Figure legends. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoid FA in REDD1 KO and w.t. B6x129 mice, we used ear edema test (Schoepe et al., 2010; Schäcke et al., 2004; Park et al., 2006). Seven wk old female animals were pretreated with FA or vehicle applied to the back of the ear lobe one h before application of nonspecific contact irritant croton oil . Mice were sacrificed and ears were harvested nine hours after CO application, the time point at which we observed maximum ear edema in F1 C57Bl x 129 animals (data not shown). Four mm ear punch biopsies were immediately weighted to assess ear edema. Animals were injected i.p. with bromodeoxyuridine 1 hr before skin was harvested. Total RNA from murine epidermis and whole human skin was isolated with RiboPure kit (Ambion). Total RNA from murine s.c. adipose was isolated with RNeasy Lipid Tissue Kit (Qiagen). The RNA samples were treated with TURBOTM DNase (Ambion). Purity of RNA samples isolated from epidermis and s.c. fat was confirmed by the expression of adipose and keratinocyte cell markers.

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APOBEC3G-regulated host factors interfere with measles virus replication: role of REDD1 and KDELR2

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