Human Milk Microbiome in Colostrum, transition and mature milk in primiparas Ecuadorian women.
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PROVIDER: PRJEB60438 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
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Project description:Bears produce the most altricial neonates of any placental mammal. We hypothesized that the transition from colostrum to mature milk in bears reflects a temporal and biochemical adaptation for altricial development and immune protection. Comparison of bear milks with milks of other eutherians yielded distinctive protein profiles. Proteomic and metabolomic analysis of serial milk samples collected from six giant pandas showed a prolonged transition from colostrum to main-phase lactation over approximately 30 days. Particularly striking are the persistence or sequential appearance of adaptive and innate immune factors. The endurance of immunoglobulin G suggests an unusual duration of trans-intestinal absorption of maternal antibodies, and is potentially relevant to the underdeveloped lymphoid system of giant panda neonates. Levels of certain milk oligosaccharides known to exert anti-microbial activities and/or that are conducive to the development of neonatal gut microbiomes underwent an almost complete changeover around days 20-30 postpartum, coincident with the maturation of the protein profile. A potential metabolic marker of starvation was detected, the prominence of which may reflect the natural postpartum period of anorexia in giant panda mothers. Early lactation in giant pandas, and possibly in other ursids, appears to be adapted for the unique requirements of unusually altricial eutherian neonates.
| S-EPMC4632522 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundIn this work we aimed at sequencing and assembling the goat milk transcriptome corresponding at colostrum and 120 days of lactation. To reconstruct transcripts we used both the genome as reference, and a de novo assembly approach. Additionally, we aimed at identifying the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two lactation stages and at analyzing the expression of genes involved in oligosaccharides metabolism.ResultsA total of 44,635 different transcripts, organized in 33,757 tentative genes, were obtained using the goat genome as reference. A significant sequence similarity match was found for 40,353 transcripts (90%) against the NCBI NT and for 35,701 (80%) against the NR databases. 68% and 69% of the de novo assembled transcripts, in colostrum and 120 days of lactation samples respectively, have a significant match with the merged transcriptome obtained using Cufflinks/Cuffmerge. CSN2, PAEP, CSN1S2, CSN3, LALBA, TPT1, FTH1, M-SAA3, SPP1, GLYCAM1, EEF1A1, CTSD, FASN, RPS29, CSN1S1, KRT19 and CHEK1 were found between the top fifteen highly expressed genes. 418 loci were differentially expressed between lactation stages, among which 207 and 122 were significantly up- and down-regulated in colostrum, respectively. Functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis showed that in goat colostrum somatic cells predominate biological processes involved in glycolysis, carbohydrate metabolism, defense response, cytokine activity, regulation of cell proliferation and cell death, vasculature development, while in mature milk, biological process associated with positive regulation of lymphocyte activation and anatomical structure morphogenesis are enriched. The analysis of 144 different oligosaccharide metabolism-related genes showed that most of these (64%) were more expressed in colostrum than in mature milk, with eight expressed at very high levels (SLCA3, GMSD, NME2, SLC2A1, B4GALT1, B3GNT2, NANS, HEXB).ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first study comparing goat transcriptome of two lactation stages: colostrum and 120 days. Our findings suggest putative differences of expression between stages and can be envisioned as a base for further research in the topic. Moreover because a higher expression of genes involved in immune defense response, carbohydrate metabolism and related to oligosaccharide metabolism was identified in colostrum we here corroborate the potential of goat milk as a natural source of lactose-derived oligosaccharides and for the development of functional foods.
| S-EPMC5123407 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe interaction between the human breast milk microbiota and human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) plays a crucial role in the healthy growth and development of infants. We aimed to clarify the link between the breast milk microbiota and HMOs at two stages of lactation.MethodsThe microbiota and HMOs of 20 colostrum samples (C group, 1-5 days postpartum) and 20 mature milk samples (S group, 42 days postpartum) collected from postpartum mothers were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.ResultThe total average HMO content was significantly higher in the C group than in the S group (6.76 ± 1.40 g/L vs. 10.27 ± 2.00 g/L, p < 0.05). Among the HMOs, the average values of 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL, 1.64 ± 1.54 g/L vs. 3.03 ± 1.79 g/L), 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL, 0.10 ± 0.02 g/L vs. 0.21 ± 0.06), 6'-SL (0.22 ± 0.09 g/L vs. 0.33 ± 0.11 g/L), and lacto-N-triaose 2 (LNT2, 0.03 ± 0.01 g/L vs. 0.16 ± 0.08 g/L) were significantly lower in the S group than in the C group (p < 0.05), while that of 3'-FL was significantly higher in the S group than in the C group (1.35 ± 1.00 g/L vs. 0.41 ± 0.43 g/L, p < 0.05). The diversity and structure of the microbiota in the S and C groups were also significantly different (p < 0.05). Comparative analysis of the microbial communities revealed that Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the most abundant phyla, in both groups, with the keystone species (Serratia, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus) of breast milk closely interacting with HMOs, including 3'-SL, 6'-SL, and LNT2. In PICRUSt2 functional prediction analysis, the S group exhibited significant reduction in the expression of genes involved in several infectious disease pathways.DiscussionOur findings support the recognition of human milk as a synbiotic comprising beneficial bacteria and prebiotic HMOs.
| S-EPMC11670000 | biostudies-literature
Project description:α -Lactalbumin, an abundant protein present in the milk of most mammals, is associated with biological, nutritional and technological functionality. Its sequence presents N-glycosylation motifs, the occupancy of which is species-specific, ranging from no to full occupancy. Here, we investigated the N-glycosylation of bovine α-lactalbumin in colostrum and milk sampled from four individual cows, each at 9 time points starting from the day of calving up to 28.0 d post-partum. Using a glycopeptide-centric mass spectrometry-based glycoproteomics approach, we identified N-glycosylation at both Asn residues found in the canonical Asn-Xxx-Ser/Thr motif, i.e. Asn45 and Asn74 of the secreted protein. We found similar glycan profiles in all four cows, with partial site occupancies, averaging at 35% and 4% for Asn45 and Asn74, respectively. No substantial changes in occupancy occurred over lactation at either site. Fucosylation, sialylation, primarily with N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), and a high ratio of N,N'-diacetyllactosamine (LacdiNAc)/N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) motifs were characteristic features of the identified N-glycans. While no substantial changes occurred in site occupancy at either site during lactation, the glycoproteoform (i.e. glycosylated form of the protein) profile revealed dynamic changes; the maturation of the α-lactalbumin glycoproteoform repertoire from colostrum to mature milk was marked by substantial increases in neutral glycans and the number of LacNAc motifs per glycan, at the expense of LacdiNAc motifs. While the implications of α-lactalbumin N-glycosylation on functionality are still unclear, we speculate that N-glycosylation at Asn74 results in a structurally and functionally different protein, due to competition with the formation of its two intra-molecular disulphide bridges.
| S-EPMC11319639 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To study the variability in human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) composition of Chinese human milk over a 20-wk lactation period, HMO profiles of 30 mothers were analyzed using CE-LIF. This study showed that total HMO concentrations in Chinese human milk decreased significantly over a 20-wk lactation period, independent of the mother's SeLe status, although with individual variations. In addition, total acidic and neutral HMO concentrations in Chinese human milk decreased over lactation, and levels are driven by their mother's SeLe status. Analysis showed that total neutral fucosylated HMO concentrations in Chinese human milk were higher in the two secretor groups as compared to the nonsecretor group. On the basis of the total neutral fucosylated HMO concentrations in Chinese human milk, HMO profiles within the Se+Le+ group can be divided into two subgroups. HMOs that differed in level between Se+Le+ subgroups were 2'FL, DF-L, LNFP I, and F-LNO. HMO profiles in Dutch human milk also showed Se+Le+ subgroup division, with 2'FL, LNT, and F-LNO as the driving force.
| S-EPMC6150670 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Among the large placental mammals, ursids give birth to the most altricial neonates with the lowest neonatal:maternal body mass ratios. This is particularly exemplified by giant pandas. To examine whether there is compensation for the provision of developmentally important nutrients that other species groups may provide in utero, we examined changes in the lipids of colostrum and milk with time after birth in giant pandas. Lipids that are developmental signals or signal precursors, and those that are fundamental to nervous system construction, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and phosphatidylserines, appear early and then fall dramatically in concentration to a baseline at 20-30 days. The dynamics of lysophosphatidic acid and eicosanoids display similar patterns, but with progressive differences between mothers. Triglycerides occur at relatively low levels initially and increase in concentration until a plateau is reached at about 30 days. These patterns indicate an early provision of signalling lipids and their precursors, particularly lipids crucial to brain, retinal and central nervous system development, followed by a changeover to lipids for energy metabolism. Thus, in giant pandas, and possibly in all bears, lactation is adapted to provisioning a highly altricial neonate to a degree that suggests equivalence to an extension of gestation.
| S-EPMC5093549 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionGlycosylation is one of the essential post-translational modifications that influences the function of milk proteins.MethodsIn the present study, 998 proteins and 764 glycosylated sites from 402 glycoproteins were identified in human milk by TMT labeling proteomics. Compared to human milk proteins, the glycoproteins were mainly enriched in cell adhesion, proteolysis, and defense/immune process.ResultsThe abundance of 353 glycosylated sites and their 179 parent proteins was quantified. After normalization to their parent protein's abundance, 78 glycosylated sites in 56 glycoproteins and 10 glycosylated sites in 10 glycoproteins were significantly higher in colostrum and mature milk, respectively. These changed glycoproteins were mainly related to host defense. Intriguingly, one glycosylated site (Asp144) in IgA and two glycosylated sites (Asp38 and Asp1079) in tenascin are significantly upregulated even though their protein abundance was downregulated during lactation.DiscussionThis study helps us figure out the critical glycosylated sites in proteins that might influence their biological function in an unbiased way.
| S-EPMC10311556 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Colostrum intake is a crucial determinant of survival in newborn rabbits. Neonates rely entirely on passive immunity transfer from their mothers while suckling colostrum. The goal of this study was to explore the protein differences of rabbit milk during different lactation periods. Our findings showed that the daily milk yield exhibited an increasing trend from the 2nd to the 21st day of lactation. A data-independent acquisition proteomics approach identified a total of 2011 proteins. Significantly, different abundances were found for 525 proteins in the colostrum and the mature milk samples. Eleven differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were examined using parallel reaction monitoring, which verified the reliability of the proteomic data. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that these DAPs were primarily associated with glycosyltransferase activity, macromolecule transmembrane transporter activity, and regulation of acute inflammatory response. The dominant metabolic pathways of the DAPs involve the complement and coagulation cascades. A protein-protein interaction analysis identified apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A1, triose phosphate isomerase 1, and albumin as the hub proteins responsible for distinguishing differences between biological properties in rabbit colostrum and mature milk. These findings enhance our comprehension of the rabbit milk proteome, particularly in expanding our knowledge regarding the requirements of neonatal rabbits.
| S-EPMC11351206 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To study the Chinese human milk N-glycome over lactation, N-glycans were released and separated from serum proteins, purified by solid-phase extraction, and analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). In total, 66 different putative N-glycans were found in the colostrum (week 1) and mature milk (week 4) of seven Chinese mothers. A clear difference was observed between milk of five secretor and two nonsecretor mothers, based on the type and relative amounts of the individual N-glycans. The relative levels of the total neutral nonfucosylated and the fucosylated N-glycans in milk of five secretor mothers increased and decreased over lactation, respectively. This pattern could not be observed for the milk from the two nonsecretor mothers. Overall, this was the first study that provided detailed information on individual N-glycans in milk among mothers and over time as well as that fucosylation of N-glycans in milk was associated with the mother's secretor status.
| S-EPMC7317985 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The objective of the present study was to examine the proteome dynamics of somatic cells from colostrum to mature milk. Milk somatic cells are a mixture of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and immune cells, secreted in milk during milking. Besides protecting the mammary gland, the milk somatic cells have a dual role of contributing to the newborn calf’s health and development and it is unclear how their cargo is altered during the initiation of lactation. Somatic cells were isolated by density gradient centrifugation method from milk obtained from buffaloes on postpartum day 1 (D1; colostrum), 4 (D4; early transitional), 7 (D7; late transitional), and 15 (D15; mature). Quantitative proteomic analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/ MS) of homogenate D1, D4, D7, and D15 (n = 6), identified a total of 4429 proteins. 71 proteins were uniquely expressed on D1, while 10, 25 and 15 unique proteins respectively on D4, D7 and D15. Of the high-confidence proteins, 3949 were common among all 4 days of lactation. The significantly changed proteins from the colostrum to mature milk were analyzed using gene ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, and their interactions were generated using the Search Tool for Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database. Results indicated the up-regulated proteins across the days were involved in metabolic processes like PPAR signaling, biosynthesis of lipids, amino acids and cofactors, amino and nucleotide sugar metabolism, glycolysis, and peroxisome. The down-regulated proteins were involved in phospholipid efflux and triglyceride (TG) homeostasis, electrolyte balance, mineral absorption and associated hormone regulation, complement and coagulation cascades, and immune-related functions like negative regulation of cytokine production, antigen processing and presentation, and mRNA processing, etc. Our study provides comprehensive alterations in the milk somatic cell proteome. In conclusion, the changes in biological functions indicate both mammary function/metabolism and the specific developmental requirements during the initial phases of calf development.
2025-07-14 | PXD054309 | Pride