Tracing social mechanisms and interregional connections in Early Bronze Age Societies in Lower Austria
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PROVIDER: PRJEB89777 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
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Project description:Gendered burial practices that differentiate between men and women by the way the body was placed were used over large parts of Central Europe in the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age (c. 2900−1600 BC). The differentiation of bodies placed on the left/right side in opposite orientation was extended to children, but until recently, it was difficult to confirm if the biological sex of the children matched the classification as men and women. We applied nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS) to identify sex-specific peptides in human tooth enamel in 75 children buried at one of the largest Early Bronze Age cemeteries in Europe, Franzhausen I, Austria, 70 of which produced reliable results. The study confirmed that the sex of the children corresponds to the gendered body position in 98.4 % of cases. For burials in which the gendered sidedness and orientation are not internally consistent with the male or female pattern, we found that the sidedness of the body corresponds to the sex of the children rather than the orientation.
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Project description:The identification of sex-specific peptides in human tooth enamel by nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS) represents a quantum leap for the study of childhood and social relations more generally. Determining sex-related differences in prehistoric child rearing and mortality has been hampered by the inability to determine the biological sex of juveniles. We conducted nanoLC-MS/MS to identify sex-specific peptides in the dental enamel of a child from a settlement pit of the Early Bronze Age settlement of Schleinbach, Austria (c. 1950–1850 BC). Four perimortal impression fractures on the skull of the 5–6-year-old child indicate an intentional killing, with a co-buried loom weight as possible murder weapon. Proteomic analysis, conducted for the first time on prehistoric teeth in Austria, determined the child’s sex as male. While we cannot conclusively decide whether the child became the victim of conflicts between village groups or was slain by members of his own community, we suggest that contextual evidence points to the latter. A possible trigger of violence were the follow-on effects of an uncontrolled middle ear infection revealed by the osteological analysis. The boy from Schleinbach highlights the potential for further investigation of gender-biased violence, infanticide and child murder based on the recently developed method of proteomic sex identification.
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Project description:Here we reveal evidence of a shared genetic toolkit across the full spectrum of social complexity found in Vespid wasps, from simple group living where castes remain plastic throughout life, to complex superorganismal societies comprised of mutually dependent insects with irreversible castes determined during development. We generated brain transcriptomic data for castes in nine representative species; using a machine learning approach we identified thousands of shared orthologs which consistently describe castes (queens and workers), from species with the simplest (Mischocyttarus paper wasps) to the most complex (e.g. Vespine wasps) levels of social organisation. The top 400 genes were enriched in synaptic transport genes, suggesting that these changes could affect brain neural function and connectivity. Fine-scale dissection of these patterns revealed that the molecular processes underpinning the simpler societies (which likely represent the origins of social living) are conserved throughout the major transition, but that additional processes may come into play in the more complex societies, especially at the point of no return where societies transition to be committed superorganisms. These analyses provide the first evidence of a conserved toolkit regulating social behaviour across the full spectrum of social complexity in any social insect. Importantly, they also provide evidence that there may be fundamental differences discriminating superorganismal societies from non-superorganismal societies. We suggest that the evolution of irreversible caste commitment (in superorganisms) is accompanied by a fundamental shift in the underlying regulatory molecular machinery; such shifts may also typify other major evolutionary transitions that are characterised by the emergence of a committed division of labour, such as the evolution of multicellularity.
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