Gallstones are crystalline deposits in the gallbladder that are traditionally classified as cholesterol, pigment or mixed stones based on their composition. Microbiota and host metabolism variances among the different types of gallstones remain largely unclear. Here, the bile and gallstone microb...

Metabolic dysregulation may serve as a pivotal driver of inflammatory bowel disease, with the crosstalk between metabolism and the immune system emerging as a critical research focus. Ulcerative colitis patients exhibit enhanced glycolysis but suppressed ...