Urine excretion of caffeine and select caffeine metabolites is common in the U.S. population and associated with caffeine intake.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Caffeine is a widely consumed psychoactive stimulant and is of epidemiologic interest. Major sources of caffeine are challenging to standardize, and the use of biomarkers is proposed as an alternative means of assessing intake.

Objective

We described urine caffeine and caffeine metabolite concentrations (n = 2466) and excretion rates (n = 2261) in the US population ≥6 y by age, sex, race-ethnicity, and caffeine intake (from foods, beverages, and dietary supplements).

Methods

We measured caffeine and 14 of its metabolites in spot urine samples from the cross-sectional NHANES 2009-2010 by use of LC-tandem mass spectrometry.

Results

Caffeine and its metabolites were detectable in the urine of most persons, generally at concentrations ≥1 μmol/L. Median c

SUBMITTER: Rybak ME 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5724768 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature