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Activated macrophages restrict invasive bacterial infection in a human intestinal organoid co-culture model

ABSTRACT: Intestinal organoids provide physiologically relevant models of the epithelial barrier, but lack the immune compartment that critically shapes host responses to infection. Here, we established a human colon organoid-derived monolayer co-culture system with macrophage-like THP-1 cells positioned directly beneath the epithelial layer. The model enabled controlled apical infection with Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium while preserving epithelial barrier integrity. PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells reduced intracellular L. monocytogenes burden, whereas additional activation with IFN-γ and LPS resulted in a pronounced reduction of both L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium, accompanied by decreased infection-associated cytotoxicity. Bulk RNA sequencing revealed a distinct co-culture transcriptional signature characterized by coordinated changes in inflammatory, antimicrobial, and epithelial lineage-associated programs. These included reduced HLA-D/MHC class II-associated gene expression, altered S100A8/S100A9 expression, and changes in epithelial lineage markers indicating a shift in epithelial cellular composition and differentiation state. Together, these findings establish a versatile human organoid-macrophage platform for dissecting epithelial-immune interactions and macrophage-associated control of invasive bacterial infection.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE345254 | GEO | 2026/08/31

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:The bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes breaches the placental barrier and infects the placental/fetal unit resulting in poor pregnancy outcomes. L. monocytogenes is thought to enter the placenta by infection of trophoblasts at the maternal/fetal interface. Trophoblasts are fetal epithelial cells that delineate the maternal/fetal interface and ensure critical functions by promoting all nutritional and waste exchanges between maternal and fetal bloods and by forming a protective immune barrier. In this work, we report the first transcriptomic analysis of L. monocytogenes-infected trophoblasts by RNA sequencing. Primary human trophoblasts (PHT) and BeWo (fused and non-fused) were infected for 5 h with WT L. monocytogenes and highly purified RNA was extracted from infected and control cells. A 200 ng total RNA sample was used for sequencing on Illumina NovaSeq SP flowcell in paired-end 150 bp format to a read yield between 70-80 million reads. Pathway analysis showed that infection upregulated TLR2-, NOD-like, and cytosolic DNA sensing pathways, as well as downstream pro-inflammatory circuitry (NF-KB, AP-1, IRF4, IRF7) leading to the production of mediators known to elicit the recruitment and activation of maternal leukocytes (IL8, IL6, TNFA, MIP-1). Signature genes associated with poor pregnancy outcomes were also upregulated upon infection. Measuring the release of 54 inflammatory mediators confirmed the transcriptomic data and revealed sustained production of tolerogenic factors (IL-27, IL-10, IL-1RA, TSLP) despite infection. Both the SYN and mononuclear trophoblasts produced cytokines, but surprisingly, some cytokines were predominantly produced by the SYN (IL-8, IL-6) or by non-fused trophoblasts (TNFA). Collectively, our data support that trophoblasts act as placental gatekeepers that limit and detect L. monocytogenes infection resulting in a pro-inflammatory response, which may contribute to the poor pregnancy outcomes if the pathogen persists.

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Activated macrophages restrict invasive bacterial infection in a human intestinal organoid co-culture model

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