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Apple fruit superficial scald resistance mediated by ethylene inhibition is associated with diverse metabolic processes

ABSTRACT: Fruits stored at low temperature for long time can undergo to different type of chilling injuries. In apple, superficial scald represents one of the most serious physiopathy. The typical symptoms of this disorder are represented by the development of important discoloration and black patches on the fruit exocarp. Although this phenomenon has been historically related to α-farnesene, its etiology and physiology are not yet fully disclosed. In the attempt to elucidate the regulating mechanism of its development and prevention, a multidisciplinary survey was performed, integrating different level of metabolite screening (volatiles, polyphenols and lipids) with a large-scale transcriptomic analysis. The comparison between scalded and non-scalded apples (treated with an ethylene competitor) revealed that the prevention of superficial scald is associated with the triggering of cold acclimation-related processes. The interference at the ethylene receptor level stimulates the production of antioxidant compounds to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids to stabilize plastid and vacuole membranes against cold temperature and the accumulation of sugar alcohols with important cryoprotectant roles, such as sorbitol. The accumulation pattern of this polyalcohol was also consistent with the expression profile of MdS6PDH. Moreover, the overexpression of this gene in transgenic line of Arabidopsis thaliana plants provided functional validation of its involvement in the biosynthetic pathway of sorbitol and elucidated its role in the cold acclimation and freezing tolerance process.

ORGANISM(S): Malus domestica

PROVIDER: GSE98893 | GEO | 2019/05/02

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Functions of Arabidopsis REI1-LIKE (REIL) proteins, two homologs of a yeast ribosome biogenesis protein (RBP) that takes part in the late cytoplasmic steps of 60S ribosomal subunit maturation, were characterized by systems analyses of the 10°C cold acclimating reil1-1 reil2-1 double mutant compared to Col-0 wildtype. The mutant lacked both REIL proteins, was strongly growth inhibited in the cold and complemented by constitutive expression of N-terminal FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (FP)-REIL1 and FP-REIL2 fusion proteins under control of the UBIQUITIN 10 promoter. Wildtype acclimation to 10°C causes relative accumulation of cytosolic ribosome subunits and rRNA. Expression of cytosolic ribosomal genes, known cytosolic RBPs, translation initiation- and elongation-factors was activated. Conserved function of Arabidopsis REIL proteins was indicated by delay of these processes in reil1-1 reil2-1, cytosolic localization of FP-REIL proteins and native REIL protein interactions with 60S containing ribosome fractions. Non-acclimated reil1-1 reil2-1 triggered plant specific metabolic and transcriptomic cold acclimation responses that included activation of the DREB/CBF-regulon with a preference for the cold acclimation factors, CBF1/DREB1B, CBF2/DREB1C, and CBF3/DREB1A. Cold-acclimating reil1-1 reil2-1 maintained cellular integrity and acquired freezing tolerance but did not activate FLOWERING LOCUS T expression in mature leaves. This block was independent of FLOWERING LOCUS C and AGAMOUS-LIKE 19 mediated vernalization. We conclude that Arabidopsis REIL proteins enhance accumulation of cytosolic ribosome subunits after cold shift and either directly or indirectly feedback on temperature perception by suppression of premature cold acclimation at optimized temperature and by triggering growth and the vegetative to generative phase transition in the cold. Transcriptomic profiling demonstrated a hidden acclimation phenotype of the morphologically inconspicuous reil1-1reil2-1 mutant under optimized temperature conditions. Premature triggering of cold acclimation, a severe growth defect at 10°C and compensation responses indicate that REIL function may extend beyond cytosolic ribosome biogenesis towards translation initiation.

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Apple fruit superficial scald resistance mediated by ethylene inhibition is associated with diverse metabolic processes

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