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In vitro toxicology approaches have evolved, from a focus on the molecular changes within a cell to understanding of toxicity-related mechanisms that simulate the in vivo environment. The recent development of three dimensional (3-D) organotypic nasal epithelial culture models offer a physiologicall...
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens 
This study reports a comparative assessment of the biological impact of a heated tobacco aerosol from the tobacco heating system (THS) 2.2 and smoke from a combustible 3R4F cigarette. Human organotypic bronchial epithelial cultures were exposed to an aerosol from THS2.2 (a candidate modified-risk to...
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens 
Along the trachea-bronchial tree, including the small airway region, cigarette smoke exposure induces inflammation, which can exacerbate the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The small airway region is known as the primary location of airway blockage in COPD and asthma. Th...
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens 
Along the trachea-bronchial tree, including the small airway region, cigarette smoke exposure induces inflammation, which can exacerbate the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The small airway region is known as the primary location of airway blockage in COPD and asthma. Th...
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens 
The development of reduced-risk products is aimed at providing adult smokers, who are unable to quit, with alternatives to cigarettes that present less risk of harm and smoking-related disease. The use of flavors in the development of these reduced-risk products fulfils an important role in product ...
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens 
In the context of tobacco harm-reduction strategy, the potential reduced impact of electronic cigarette (EC) exposure should be evaluated relative to the impact of cigarette smoke (CS) exposure. We conducted a series of in vitro studies to compare the biological impact of an acute exposure to aeroso...
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens 
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